IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: Data from the special needs and autism project (SNAP)
Open accessAbstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was once considered to be highly associated with intellectual disability and to show a characteristic IQ profile, with strengths in performance over verbal abilities and a distinctive pattern of ‘peaks’ and ‘troughs’ at the subtest level. However, there are few data from epidemiological studies. Method: Comprehensive clinical assessments were conducted with 156 children aged 10–14 years [mean ( s.d .)=11.7 (0.9)], seen as part of an epidemiological study (81 childhood autism, 75 other ASD). A sample weighting procedure enabled us to estimate characteristics of the total ASD population. Results: Of the 75 children with ASD, 55% had an intellectual disability (IQ<70) but only 16% had moderate to severe intellectual disability (IQ<50); 28% had average intelligence (115>IQ>85) but only 3% were of above average intelligence (IQ>115). There was some evidence for a clinically significant Performance/Verbal IQ (PIQ/VIQ) discrepancy but discrepant verbal versus performance skills were not associated with a particular pattern of symptoms, as has been reported previously. There was mixed evidence of a characteristic subtest profile: whereas some previously reported patterns were supported (e.g. poor Comprehension), others were not (e.g. no ‘peak’ in Block Design). Adaptive skills were significantly lower than IQ and were associated with severity of early social impairment and also IQ. Conclusions: In this epidemiological sample, ASD was less strongly associated with intellectual disability than traditionally held and there was only limited evidence of a distinctive IQ profile. Adaptive outcome was significantly impaired even for those children of average intelligence.
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The extent to which a cognitive profile can be reliably identified for individuals meeting criteria for autism or ADHD remains unclear.
“However, the extent to which a cognitive profile can be reliably identified for individuals meeting criteria for autism or ADHD remains unclear.”
From Cognitive Profile in Autism and ADHD: A Meta-Analysis of Performance on the WAIS-IV and WISC-V (2024) · cites this paper as Charman et al., 2011
The Conclusions (page not provided) state that children with ASD did not show the commonly understood characteristic WISC profile, supporting uncertainty about a reliably identifiable profile in autism. The paper studies ASD, not ADHD, so it does not support the ADHD portion of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredResearch has not always supported the idea of specific profiles on the Wechsler tests.
“However, research has not always supported the idea of specific profiles on the Wechsler tests (Charman et al., 2011).”
From Cognitive Profile in Autism and ADHD: A Meta-Analysis of Performance on the WAIS-IV and WISC-V (2024) · cites this paper as Charman et al., 2011
A substantial verbal-nonverbal IQ gap is common in ASD, occurring in more than 40% of cases.
“Similarly, an uneven cognitive profile with a significant discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal IQ (VIQ and NVIQ), or an IQ split, is frequent in ASD, present in over 40% of affected individuals 24,25.”
From Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children (2012) · cites this paper as [24]
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“For example, approximately 15% of our sample was diagnosed with a LD compared with a prevalence of 56% in a population cohort of children.(56) Even so, there is increasing recognition that many individuals with an ASD do not have an ID, but still report high prevalence of functional impairments, psychological comorbid…”
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“Nonetheless there are no distinctive IQ profiles of individuals with ASD (Siegel et al., 1996; Ghaziuddin and Mountain-Kimchi, 2004; Goldstein et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2008; Charman et al., 2011).”
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- Authors
- Charman, T., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Reading (GB)
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Charman, T.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-05-19
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 619-627
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2138917845
- Cited by
- 599
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 13.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- IOE EPrints (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, adaptive skills, children with autism
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, Male, Intellectual Disability, Wechsler Scales
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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