The Association Between Social Cognition and Executive Functioning and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Hollocks, Matthew J.; Jones, Catherine R.G.; Pickles, Andrew; Baird, Gillian; Happé, Francesca; Charman, Tony; Simonoff, Emily

doi:10.1002/aur.1361

Cited by 150Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The Association Between Social Cognition and Executive Functioning and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Hollocks, Matthew J., Jones, Catherine R.G., Pickles, Andrew, Baird, Gillian, Happé, Francesca, Charman, Tony, Simonoff, Emily·2014·Autism Research

DOI 10.1002/aur.1361

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

While high levels of anxiety and depression are now recognized as major co‐occurring problems in children and young people with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), research examining possible associations with individual differences in neurocognitive functioning has been limited. This study included 90 adolescents with an ASD aged 14–16 years with a full‐scale IQ > 50. Using structural equation modeling, we examined the independent relationships between multiple measures of executive functioning and social cognition on severity of anxiety or depressive symptoms. Results indicated a significant association between poorer executive functioning and higher levels of anxiety, but not depression. In contrast, social cognition ability was not associated with either anxiety or depression. This study is the first to report significant associations between executive functions and anxiety in ASD. This may suggest that poor executive functioning is one factor associated with the high prevalence of anxiety disorder in children and adolescents with ASD. Autism Res 2014, 7: 216–228. © 2014 I nternational S ociety for A utism R esearch, W iley P eriodicals, I nc.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/aur.1361

Cites

77 of 77 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The finding of a large direct effect of IU on depression symptoms in autistic young people was in keeping with previous research.
“The finding of a large, direct effect of IU on depression symptoms in autistic young people was in keeping with previous research in this area (Cai et al., 2018; Hollocks et al., 2014).”
From Investigating the Effects of Transdiagnostic Processes on Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Autistic Young People: the Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation. (2025) · cites this paper as Hollocks et al., 2014

Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn755 · Cited by 12,881 · see citing works
Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065 · see citing works
VALIDITY OF THE TRAIL MAKING TEST AS AN INDICATOR OF ORGANIC BRAIN DAMAGE
Reitan, R. M. (1958) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271 · Cited by 7,925 · see citing works
The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Generic: A Standard Measure of Social and Communication Deficits Associated with the Spectrum of Autism
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520 · see citing works
Self-citation
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Dumont, R., Willis, J. O., Veizel, K., & Zibulsky, J. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2519 · Cited by 5,547 · see citing works
Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 · Cited by 5,289 · cited 3× · see citing works
“One leading theory of anxiety disorders [Eysenck et al., 2007] suggests that anxiety disrupts the balance between the top-down attentional control system and the bottom-up stimulus-driven attentional systems [Corbetta & Shulman, 2002], favoring stimulus-driven attention and thereby reducing control over attentional al…”
Background
Theory of mind
Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.041 · Cited by 3,494 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disorders in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Associated Factors in a Population-Derived Sample
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318179964f · Cited by 3,399 · see citing works
Self-citation
Executive functions and developmental psychopathology.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x · Cited by 3,150 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Executive functions are a set of cognitive skills that include set shifting and set maintenance, interference control, inhibition, integration across space and time, planning, and working memory, which overlap with the top-down control of attention [Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996].”
Background
An advanced test of theory of mind: understanding of story characters’ thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults
Happé, F. G. E. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172093 · Cited by 2,352 · see citing works
A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem.
Grant, D. A., & Berg, E. (1948) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0059831 · Cited by 2,244 · see citing works
Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP)
Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., & Charman, T. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69041-7 · Cited by 2,104 · see citing works
Self-citation
The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.250 · Cited by 2,021 · see citing works
Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control.
Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.225 · Cited by 1,729 · see citing works
Executive dysfunction in autism☆
Hill, E. L. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.003 · Cited by 1,468 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-Analysis
van Steensel, F. J. A., Bögels, S. M., & Perrin, S. (2011) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0097-0 · Cited by 1,463 · see citing works
Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes
Castelli, F. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf189 · Cited by 1,377 · see citing works
Evaluating stress : a book of resources
Zalaquett, C. P., & Wood, R. J. (1997) · Scarecrow Press eBooks · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works
The Autistic Child's Theory of Mind: a Case of Specific Developmental Delay
Baron‐Cohen, S. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
Neurocognitive mechanisms of anxiety: An integrative account
Bishop, S. J. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.008 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Social Communication Questionnaire
Snow, A. V. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1651 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence: Origins and Treatment
Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L. (2009) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
A review on cognitive impairments in depressive and anxiety disorders with a focus on young adults
Castaneda, A. E., Tuulio‐Henriksson, A., MARTTUNEN, M. J., Suvisaari, J., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.06.006 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Do triangles play tricks? Attribution of mental states to animated shapes in normal and abnormal development
Abell, F., Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2000) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(00)00014-9 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample
Goodman, R., Ford, T. J., Simmons, H. C., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2003) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/0954026021000046128 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
The Differential Assessment of Children's Attention: The Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch), normative sample and ADHD performance
Manly, T., Anderson, V., Nimmo‐Smith, I., Turner, A., Watson, P., & Robertson, I. H. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00806 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: Data from the special needs and autism project (SNAP)
Charman, T., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000991 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Self-citation
“Theory of Mind” in Asperger's Syndrome Dermot M. Bowler
Bowler, D. M. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01962.x · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Parent-Rated Anxiety Symptoms in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Frequency and Association with Core Autism Symptoms and Cognitive Functioning
Sukhodolsky, D. G., Scahill, L. D., Gadow, K. D., Arnold, L. E., Aman, M. G., McDougle, C. J., McCracken, J. T., Tierney, E., White, S. W., Lecavalier, L., et al. (2007) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9165-9 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Social Skill Deficits and Anxiety in High-Functioning Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Bellini, S. (2004) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576040190020201 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
State Anxiety Modulation of the Amygdala Response to Unattended Threat-Related Stimuli
Bishop, S. J., Duncan, J., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2550-04.2004 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Beck Anxiety Inventory.
Steer, R. A., & Beck, A. T. (1997) · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Psychiatric comorbidity in young adults with a clinical diagnosis of Asperger syndrome
Lugnegård, T., Hallerbäck, M. U., & Gillberg, C. (2011) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.03.025 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
The neuropsychology of autism
Happe, F. G. E., & Frith, U. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.4.1377 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Trick or Treat?: Uneven Understanding of Mind and Emotion and Executive Dysfunction in “Hard‐to‐manage” Preschoolers
Hughes, C. H., Dunn, J., & White, A. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00401 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Behavior Assessment System for Children–2
Dumond, R., & Willis, J. O. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced0253 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders.
Wood, J. J., & Gadow, K. D. (2010) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01220.x · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2001) · Cited by 391 · see citing works
The development of social anxiety in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders.
Bellini, S. (2006) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576060210030201 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Children's Memory Scale
Horton, A. M., Monahan, M. C., & Fennell, E. B. (2001) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/16.2.193 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Emotion regulation in Asperger’s syndrome and high-functioning autism
Samson, A. C., Huber, O., & Gross, J. J. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0027975 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Neuropsychological functions in anxiety disorders in population-based samples: evidence of episodic memory dysfunction
Airaksinen, E., Larsson, M. U., & Forsell, Y. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.06.001 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: A comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder
Dalgleish, T., Taghavi, R., Neshat-Doost, H., Moradi, A., Canterbury, R., & Yule, W. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3201_02 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Depression and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders without intellectual disability
Strang, J. F., Kenworthy, L., Daniolos, P., Case, L., Wills, M. C., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L. (2012) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.06.015 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Affect regulation and temperament in children with autism spectrum disorder
Konstantareas, M. M., & Stewart, K. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0051-4 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Anxiety and Repetitive Behaviours in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Rodgers, J., Glod, M., Connolly, B., & McConachie, H. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1531-y · Cited by 296 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This may include the impact of other symptoms associated with anxiety in ASD, such as restrictive and repetitive behaviors [Gotham et al., 2012; Rodgers et al., 2012; Spiker et al., 2012].”
Background
The Presentation of Anxiety in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Weisbrot, D. M., Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., & Pomeroy, J. C. (2005) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.477 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Anxiety, Inhibition, Efficiency, and Effectiveness
Derakshan, N., Ansari, T. L., Hansard, M. E., Shoker, L., & Eysenck, M. W. (2008) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.56.1.48 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Emotional Valence and Arousal Interact in Attentional Control
Jefferies, L. N., Smilek, D., Eich, E., & Enns, J. T. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02082.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Understanding of emotional experience in autism: Insights from the personal accounts of high-functioning children with autism.
Losh, M. C., & Capps, L. M. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.809 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Friendship and Internalizing Symptoms Among Children and Adolescents with ASD
Mazurek, M. O., & Kanne, S. M. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1014-y · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Theory of mind disability in major depression with or without psychotic symptoms: a componential view
Wang, Y.-G., Wang, Y.-Q., Chen, S.-L., Zhu, C.-Y., & Wang, K. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.07.018 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Exploring the Manifestations of Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Hallett, V., Lecavalier, L., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Cipriano, N., Aman, M. G., McCracken, J. T., McDougle, C. J., Tierney, E., King, B. H., Hollander, E., et al. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1775-1 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Attentional bias for emotional faces in children with generalized anxiety disorder.
Waters, A., Mogg, K., Bradley, B., & Pine, D. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181642992 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Effects of state anxiety on performance using a task-switching paradigm: An investigation of attentional control theory
Derakshan, N., Smyth, S., & Eysenck, M. W. (2009) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.16.6.1112 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Children’s Memory Scale
Cohen, M. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1532-2 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Exploring the Relationship Between Anxiety and Insistence on Sameness in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Gotham, K., Bishop, S. L., Hus, V., Huerta, M., Lund, S., Buja, A., Krieger, A., & Lord, C. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1263 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Deficit in theory of mind is a risk for relapse of major depression
Inoue, Y., Yamada, K., & Kanba, S. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.04.018 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Restricted interests and anxiety in children with autism
Spiker, M. A., Lin, C. E., Dyke, M. V. V., & Wood, J. J. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311401763 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Attentional bias towards angry faces in childhood anxiety disorders
Waters, A. M., Henry, J., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., & Pine, D. S. (2009) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.12.001 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Impact of comorbid autism spectrum disorders on stimulant response in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a retrospective and prospective effectiveness study
Santosh, P. J., Baird, G., Pityaratstian, N., Tavare, E., & Gringras, P. (2006) · Child: Care, Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00631.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neurocognitive correlates of anxiety disorders in children: a preliminary report.
Toren, P., Sadeh, M., Wolmer, L., Eldar, S., Koren, S., Weizman, R., & Laor, N. (2000) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(99)00036-5 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Verbal memory and aspects of attentional control in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders or depressive disorders
Günther, T., Holtkamp, K., Jolles, J., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.11.004 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Severe mood problems in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Simonoff, E. A., Jones, C. R. G., Pickles, A. R., Happe, F. G. E., Baird, G., & Charman, T. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02600.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citation
No evidence for a fundamental visual motion processing deficit in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders
Jones, C. R. G., Swettenham, J., Charman, T., Marsden, A. J. S., Tregay, J., Baird, G., Simonoff, E. A., & Happe, F. G. E. (2011) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.209 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citation
Convergent and Discriminant Validity and Reliability of the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Storch, E. A., Wood, J. J., Ehrenreich, J. T., Jones, A. M., Park, J. M., Lewin, A. B., & Murphy, T. K. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1489-9 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Neuropsychological functioning in depressed adolescent girls
Matthews, K., Coghill, D., & Rhodes, S. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.02.003 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Executive Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder
Favre, T., Hughes, C. W., Emslie, G. J., Stavinoha, P. L., Kennard, B. D., & Carmody, T. J. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040802577311 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Neuropsychological performance in childhood OCD: A preliminary study
Ornstein, T. J., Arnold, P. D., Manassis, K., Mendlowitz, S. L., & Schachar, R. J. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20638 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Association between depression and anxiety in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders and maternal mood symptoms
Mazefsky, C. A., Conner, C. M., & Oswald, D. P. (2010) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.133 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The association of quality of social relations, symptom severity and intelligence with anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders
Eussen, M. L., Van Gool, A. R., Verheij, F., De Nijs, P. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Greaves-Lord, K. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361312453882 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Disentangling the Associations Between Autistic-Like and Internalizing Traits: A Community Based Twin Study
Hallett, V., Ronald, A., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Happe, F. G. E. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9596-1 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Theory of mind deficits in patients with mild symptoms of major depressive disorder
Cusi, A. M., Nazarov, A., MacQUEEN, G. M., & McKinnon, M. C. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.018 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Exploring the Association Between Cognitive Functioning and Anxiety in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Social Understanding and Aggression
Niditch, L. A., Varela, R. E., Kamps, J. L., & Hill, T. L. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.651994 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Childhood rituals and executive functions
Tregay, J., Gilmour, J. D., & Charman, T. (2008) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151008x299737 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation
Investigating the genetic and environmental bases of biases in threat recognition and avoidance in children with anxiety problems
Lau, J. Y. F., Hilbert, K., Goodman, R., Gregory, A. M., Pine, D. S., Viding, E. M., & Eley, T. C. (2012) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-2-12 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Beck, Aaron T.
Schuch, B. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-211-29396-5_20 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism
Lord, C., Charman, T., Havdahl, A., Carbone, P., Anagnostou, E., Boyd, B., Carr, T., de Vries, P. J., Dissanayake, C., Divan, G., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01541-5 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Self-citation
Autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of executive function
Demetriou, E. A., Lampit, A., Quintana, D. S., Naismith, S. L., Song, Y. J. C., Pye, J. E., Hickie, I., & Guastella, A. J. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.75 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders in Preschool and Elementary School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Salazar, F., Baird, G., Chandler, S., Tseng, E., O’sullivan, T., Howlin, P., Pickles, A., & Simonoff, E. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2361-5 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
“…1 .6 ) 1 .5 % (0 .0 – 3 .6 ) 1 0 .3 % (1 .1 – 1 9 .5 ) 7 .5 * (1 .3 – 4 2 .1 ) * p \ 0 .0 5 ; * * p \ 0 .0 1 a A n y em o ti o n al d is o rd er = m aj o r d ep re ss io n ± an y an x ie ty d is o rd er have shown that cognitive rigidity in ASD is associated with anxiety (Hollocks et al. 2014).”
Self-citation
Executive Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder: History, Theoretical Models, Empirical Findings, and Potential as an Endophenotype
Demetriou, E. A., DeMayo, M. M., & Guastella, A. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00753 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“Anxiety was also shown to correlate with impaired performance on neuropsychological measures of inhibition, mental flexibility, and shifting (164).”
Background
Real-world executive functions in adults with autism spectrum disorder: profiles of impairment and associations with adaptive functioning and co-morbid anxiety and depression
Wallace, G. L., Kenworthy, L., Pugliese, C. E., Popal, H. S., White, E. I., Brodsky, E., & Martin, A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2655-7 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
“2015) and that lab-based measures of flexibility, unlike lab measures of social cognition, are associated with anxiety symptomatology (Hollocks et al. 2014).”
Background
The vulnerability experiences quotient (VEQ): a study of vulnerability, mental health and life satisfaction in autistic adults
Griffiths, S., Allison, C., Kenny, R., Holt, R., Smith, P., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2162 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
“Many of these emphasise cognitive traits, such as poor executive function [Hollocks et al., 2014], difficulties with social cognition [Eussen et al., 2013], intolerance of uncertainty [Boulter, Freeston, South, & Rodgers, 2014; Cai, Richdale, Dissanayake, & Uljarevi c, 2018], emotion regulation…”
Empirical failures of the claim that autistic people lack a theory of mind.
Gernsbacher, M. A., & Yergeau, M. (2019) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000067 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“…task fails to correlate significantly with the Animated Triangles task (N = 100 autistic children, Lukito et al., 2017; N = 90 autistic adolescents, Hollocks et al., 2014; N = 89 autistic and 89 nonautistic adults, Wilson et al., 2014; N = 80 nonautistic adults, Brewer, Young, & Barnett, 2017;…”
BackgroundInfluential
The association between theory of mind, executive function, and the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder
Jones, C. R. G., Simonoff, E., Baird, G., Pickles, A., Marsden, A. J. S., Tregay, J., Happé, F., & Charman, T. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1873 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citation
Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Postorino, V., Kerns, C. M., Vivanti, G., Bradshaw, J., Siracusano, M., & Mazzone, L. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0846-y · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Alexithymia in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Its Relationship to Internalising Difficulties, Sensory Modulation and Social Cognition
Milosavljevic, B., Carter Leno, V., Simonoff, E., Baird, G., Pickles, A., Jones, C. R. G., Erskine, C., Charman, T., & Happé, F. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2670-8 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“The high prevalence of anxiety in individuals with ASD is consistently reported (Simonoff et al. 2008; White et al. 2009), but the shared cognitive correlates between the two disorders remain under exploration (e.g. Hollocks et al. 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Core Symptoms of Autism Improved After Vitamin D Supplementation
Jia, F., Wang, B., Shan, L., Xu, Z., Staal, W. G., & Du, L. (2015) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2121 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“I want to fit in… but I don’t want to change myself fundamentally”: A qualitative exploration of the relationship between masking and mental health for autistic teenagers
Chapman, L., Rose, K., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. (2022) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102069 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test in Autism-Spectrum Disorders Comparison with Healthy Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Peñuelas‐Calvo, I., Sareen, A., Sevilla‐Llewellyn‐Jones, J., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3814-4 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Everyday executive function predicts adaptive and internalizing behavior among children with and without autism spectrum disorder
Gardiner, E., & Iarocci, G. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1877 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of depression in autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan
Chandrasekhar, T., & Sikich, L. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.2/tchandrasekhar · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Social anxiety in adult autism spectrum disorder
Bejerot, S., Eriksson, J. M., & Mörtberg, E. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.030 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“fail to show a relationship, but social anxiety was not specifically targeted in that study (Hollocks et al., 2014).”
Effects of Cognitive Training Programs on Executive Function in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Pasqualotto, A., Mazzoni, N., Bentenuto, A., Mulè, A., Benso, F., & Venuti, P. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11101280 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“with stress and anxiety is negatively correlated with inhibition, mental flexibility, and shifting [40].”
Background
Is cognitive inflexibility a missing link? The role of cognitive inflexibility, alexithymia and intolerance of uncertainty in externalising and internalising behaviours in young people with autism spectrum disorder
Ozsivadjian, A., Hollocks, M. J., Magiati, I., Happé, F., Baird, G., & Absoud, M. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13295 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
Interrelationship between insistence on sameness, effortful control and anxiety in adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Uljarević, M., Richdale, A. L., Evans, D. W., Cai, R. Y., & Leekam, S. (2017) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0158-4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“In ASD research, self-regulation has been mainly considered from an EF framework, and indeed, impairments in EF have been linked with repetitive behaviours, although with mixed results [5], as well as with anxiety [29, 31].”
Result
Socio-emotional determinants of depressive symptoms in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review
Smith, I. C., & White, S. W. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320908101 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“The studies that did not report significant associations indicated that that social cognition problems did not predict symptoms of depression and that engagement in social activities did not predict internalizing symptoms longitudinally (Hollocks et al., 2014; Taylor et al., 2017).”
Background
Mental health challenges faced by autistic people
Lai, M. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01718-2 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Intellectual abilities also significantly influence executive function and social cognition 156 .”
Background
Anxiety symptoms in young people with autism spectrum disorder attending special schools: Associations with gender, adaptive functioning and autism symptomatology
Magiati, I., Ong, C. W., Lim, X. Y., Tan, J. W., Ong, A. Y. L., Patrycia, F., Fung, D. S. S., Sung, M., Poon, K. K., & Howlin, P. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315577519 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“…either to total anxiety rates or SCAS-P specific anxiety subtypes when other child factors were controlled, parallels the results of Rieske et al. (2011) and Hollocks et al. (2014b), who found that social impairments and social cognition, respectively, were not associated with overall anxiety.”
BackgroundResult
Longitudinal Examination of Everyday Executive Functioning in Children With ASD: Relations With Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning Over Time
Vogan, V. M., Leung, R. C., Safar, K., Martinussen, R., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01774 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Previous studies of TD children and young adults have found strong associations between poor EF and externalizing and internalizing behaviors (Castaneda et al., 2008; Hughes and Ensor, 2008; Snyder, 2013).”
Associations Among Symptoms of Autism, Symptoms of Depression and Executive Functions in Children with High-Functioning Autism: A 2 Year Follow-Up Study
Andersen, P. N., Skogli, E. W., Hovik, K. T., Egeland, J., & Øie, M. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2415-8 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Comparing stress and arousal systems in response to different social contexts in children with ASD
Corbett, B. A., Muscatello, R. A., & Baldinger, C. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“This blunted response may be associated with comorbid symptoms such as social problems (Edmiston, Jones, & Corbett, 2016) or anxiety (Hollocks et al., 2014; Mikita et al., 2015).”
Background
Understanding, recognising and treating co-occurring anxiety in autism
Rodgers, J., & Ofield, A. (2018) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-018-0132-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The relationship between alexithymia and theory of mind: A systematic review
Pisani, S., Murphy, J., Conway, J. R., Millgate, E., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.036 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Anxiety and intellectual functioning in autistic children: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Mingins, J., Tarver, J., Waite, J., Jones, C. A., & Surtees, A. D. R. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320953253 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Of the analyses conducted, five used some form of regression and found no significant result, where IQ scores were not significant predictors of anxiety group membership (Gardiner & Iarocci, 2018; Hollocks et al., 2014b; Kerns et al., 2014; Rosenberg et al., 2011; Simonoff et al., 2008).”
MethodSelf-citation
Autism and mood disorders
Oakley, B. F. M., Loth, E., & Murphy, D. (2021) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2021.1872506 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Defining behavioral components of social functioning in adults with autism spectrum disorder as targets for treatment
Pallathra, A. A., Calkins, M. E., Parish‐Morris, J., Maddox, B. B., Perez, L. S., Miller, J. S., Gur, R. C., Mandell, D. S., Schultz, R. T., & Brodkin, E. S. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1910 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Higher depressive symptoms in early adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder by self- and parent-report compared to typically-developing peers
Schwartzman, J. M., & Corbett, B. A. (2020) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101613 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“…reliability and strength of agreement were significant between TD early adolescents and their parents in that study (Ozsivadjian, Hibberd, & Hollocks, 2014), which matched results from other studies of higher reliability and strength of agreement between raters in TD cohorts (e.g.,…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Exploring the impact of adolescent cognitive inflexibility on emotional and behavioural problems experienced by autistic adults
Hollocks, M. J., Charman, T., Baird, G., Lord, C., Pickles, A. R., & Simonoff, E. A. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211046160 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Difficulties with executive functioning are common in autism (Demetriou et al., 2018) and have been shown to be related to having greater symptoms of both emotional (Hollocks et al., 2014) and behavioural difficulties (Carter Leno et al., 2019) in childhood and adolescence.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
In their own words: The impact of subtle language and communication difficulties as described by autistic girls and boys without intellectual disability
Sturrock, A., Chilton, H., Foy, K., Freed, J., & Adams, C. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211002047 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Other factors such as social cognition and executive function will contribute to poorer functionality, social interrelations and emotional wellbeing (Bishop-Fitzpatrick et al., 2017; Hollocks et al., 2014).”
Background
A synthesis of the quantitative literature on autistic pupils' experience of barriers to inclusion in mainstream schools
Bailey, J., & Baker, S. T. (2020) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12490 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Putative Brain Networks Underlying Repetitive Negative Thinking and Comorbid Internalizing Problems in Autism
Burrows, C. A., Timpano, K. R., & Uddin, L. Q. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616683506 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Several recent studies support this model, identifying independent links between negative self-views, cognitive flexibility, and increased rates of anxiety and depression in children, adolescents, and adults with ASD (Boulter, Freeston, South, & Rodgers, 2013; Hollocks et al., 2014; Wallace et al., 2016; Williamson, C…”
BackgroundResult
Characteristic Executive Dysfunction for High‐Functioning Autism Sustained to Adulthood
Xie, R., Sun, X., Yang, L., & Guo, Y. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2304 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Second, severity of ASD symptoms may affect EF performance as some previous studies suggested that executive performance worsens as the symptoms of ASD worsen [Hollocks et al., 2014].”
Result
Relations Between Executive Functions, Social Impairment, and Friendship Quality on Adjustment Among High Functioning Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lieb, R. W., & Bohnert, A. M. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3205-2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Behavioral improvements in a valproic acid rat model of autism following vitamin D supplementation
Du, L., Zhao, G., Duan, Z., & Li, F. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.003 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The relationship between social and academic outcomes and anxiety for children and adolescents on the autism spectrum: A systematic review
Ambrose, K., Simpson, K., & Adams, D. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102086 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and executive function: Associations with depression and anxiety in autism
Conner, C. M., Elias, R., Smith, I. C., & White, S. W. (2023) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102103 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Adding the missing voice: How self-report of autistic youth self-report on an executive functioning rating scale compares to parent report and that of youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or neurotypical development
Kenworthy, L. E., Verbalis, A. D., Bascom, J., daVanport, S., Strang, J. F., Pugliese, C. E., Freeman, A. J., Jeppsen, C., Armour, A. C., Jost, G. M., et al. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211029117 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“, 2015) and in autistic people in particular (Hollocks et al., 2014; Lawson et al., 2015; Wallace et al., 2016; Zimmerman et al., 2017).”
Background
Examining the relationship between cognitive inflexibility and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in autistic children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Lei, J., Charman, T., Leigh, E., Russell, A., Mohamed, Z., & Hollocks, M. J. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2826 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…et al., 2022), Trail Making (Hollocks et al., 2022), Color Word Interference Task (CW-4; Andersen et al., 2015), Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST; Hollocks et al., 2014, 2022; Tachibana et al., 2013; Teunisse et al., 2012), and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated battery Intra/Extra…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Uljarević, M., Nuske, H. J., & Vivanti, G. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29695-1_2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Short report: Social communication difficulties and restricted repetitive behaviors as predictors of anxiety in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Kuzminskaite, E., Begeer, S., Hoekstra, R. A., & Grove, R. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320934218 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This is consistent with previous research reporting a significant link between autistic social traits and social anxiety (Spain et al., 2018), while no association with broader anxiety symptoms (Hollocks et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResult
Characterization and Prediction of Anxiety in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Longitudinal Study
Ben‐Itzchak, E., Koller, J., & Zachor, D. A. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00673-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Psychotherapy for co-occurring symptoms of depression, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wichers, R., van der Wouw, L. C., Brouwer, M. E., Lok, A., & Bockting, C. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722003415 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“, 2015) as well as poorer executive functioning (Hollocks et al., 2014) have been related to greater levels of anxiety.”
Background
Measuring Integrated Novel Dimensions in Neurodevelopmental and Stress-Related Mental Disorders (MIND-SET): Protocol for a Cross-sectional Comorbidity Study From a Research Domain Criteria Perspective
van Eijndhoven, P., Collard, R. M., Vrijsen, J. N., Geurts, D. E. M., Vásquez, A. A., Schellekens, A., van den Munckhof, E., Brolsma, S. C. A., Duyser, F. A., Bergman, M. A., et al. (2021) · JMIRx Med · doi:10.2196/31269 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In individuals with ASD, there is some evidence that poorer executive functioning (and greater behavioral inflexibility) predicts greater anxiety and depression [48,65].”
Background
Anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders: implications for treatment
Johnco, C. J., & Storch, E. A. (2015) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2015.1111762 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“One of the outstanding treatment-related questions is whether or not ASD-specific treatments are necessary for the treatment of anxiety in youth with ASD.”
BackgroundInfluential
Different associations between intelligence and social cognition in children with and without autism spectrum disorders
Hirosawa, T., Kontani, K., Fukai, M., Kameya, M., Soma, D., Hino, S., Kitamura, T., Hasegawa, C., An, K., Takahashi, T., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235380 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Exploring the neurocognitive correlates of challenging behaviours in young people with autism spectrum disorder
Leno, V. C., Vitoratou, S., Kent, R. G., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Jones, C. R. G., Happe, F. G. E., Baird, G., Pickles, A. R., & Simonoff, E. A. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318769176 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Data from the majority of the EF tasks, along with ToM tasks, have previously been reported in the SNAP cohort (Carter Leno et al., 2015; Hollocks et al., 2014).”
ResultSelf-citation
How Anxious Do You Think I Am? Relationship Between State and Trait Anxiety in Children With and Without ASD During Social Tasks
Mertens, J. B., Zane, E. R., Neumeyer, K., & Grossman, R. B. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2979-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The effects of different combinations of perceptual-motor exercises, music, and vitamin D supplementation on the nerve growth factor in children with high-functioning autism
Moradi, H., Sohrabi, M., Taheri, H., Khodashenas, E., & Movahedi, A. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.02.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Depression in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders: a Systematic Review of Studies Published Between 2012 and 2016
Menezes, M., Robinson, L. A., Román, M. J. S., & Cook, B. L. (2018) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-018-0146-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Exergaming to Improve Physical and Mental Fitness in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Pilot Study
Hilton, C. L. (2015) · International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine · doi:10.23937/2469-5718/1510017 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Hollocks and associates [33] examined 90 adolescents with ASD between 14 and 16 years of age and found a significant association between poorer executive functioning and higher levels of anxiety.”
Brief report: Poor self‐regulation as a predictor of individual differences in adaptive functioning in young children with autism spectrum disorder
Uljarević, M., Hedley, D., Nevill, R. E. A., Evans, D. W., Cai, R. Y., Butter, E. M., & Mulick, J. A. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1953 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…affect severity scores, are inconsistent with previous studies reporting a positive association between impairments in the cognitive and emotional aspects of self-regulation and core ASD symptom severity [Berkovits et al., 2017; Hollocks et al., 2014; Samson et al., 2014; Uljarević et al., 2017].”
Influential
Autism Traits and Cognitive Performance: Mediating Roles of Sleep Disturbance, Anxiety and Depression
McArthur, G. E., Lee, E., & Laycock, R. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05742-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Such anxiety was shown to predict poor executive functions in adolescents with ASD (Hollocks et al., 2014).”
Background
Social-Emotional Inhibition of Return in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Versus Typical Development
Antezana, L., Mosner, M. G., Troiani, V., & Yerys, B. E. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2661-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“There is now an appreciation for co-occurring anxiety and ADHD symptoms influencing performance on attention, executive function, and social processing tasks in youth with ASD (Corbett et al. 2009; Herrington et al., submitted; Hollocks et al. 2014; Pugliese et al. 2015; Sinzig et al. 2008; Yerys et al. 2013).”
Background
The relationshipbetween anxiety and social outcomes in autistic children and adolescents: A meta-analysis
Adams, D., Ambrose, K., Simpson, K., Malone, S. A., & Dargue, N. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00450-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
No Offense Intended: Fear of Negative Evaluation in Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Capriola, N. N., Maddox, B., & White, S. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2827-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hydrogen-Rich Water Ameliorates Autistic-Like Behavioral Abnormalities in Valproic Acid-Treated Adolescent Mice Offspring
Guo, Q., Yin, X., Qiao, M., Jia, Y., Chen, D., Shao, J., LeBaron, T. W., Gao, Y., Shi, H., & Jia, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00170 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Continuity and Change in, and Child Predictors of, Caregiver Reported Anxiety Symptoms in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Follow-Up Study
Teh, E. J., Chan, D. M.-E., Tan, G. K. J., & Magiati, I. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3136-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Distinct and shared therapeutic neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based and social support stress reduction groups in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Pagni, B. A., Hill, E., Walsh, M. J. M., Delaney, S., Ogbeama, D., Monahan, L., Cook, J. R., Guerithault, N., Dixon, M. V., Ballard, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.220159 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“5 Moreover, deficits in executive functioning — critical to managing mood and anxiety 6 — remain impaired across the lifespan of individuals with ASD.”
Background
Depression in young autistic people: A scoping review
Kim, S. Y., & Lecavalier, L. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101841 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Factors influencing the mental health of autistic children and teenagers: Parents’ observations and experiences
Mukherjee, S., & Beresford, B. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231158959 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…processing skills; alexithymia), other child-centred factors (e.g. adaptive functioning skills) and socio-environmental factors (Carter Leno et al., 2018; Chandler et al., 2016; Colvert et al., 2021; Hollocks et al., 2014; Lundström et al., 2011; McCauley et al., 2020; Milosavljevic et al., 2016).”
Background
Supplementation of Diet With Different n-3/n-6 PUFA Ratios Ameliorates Autistic Behavior, Reduces Serotonin, and Improves Intestinal Barrier Impairments in a Valproic Acid Rat Model of Autism
Wang, J., Zheng, B., Zhou, D., Xing, J., Li, H., Li, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, B., & Li, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.552345 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a type of developmental neurobiological disorders, is characterized by the pervasive impairments of social interaction and communication capabilities, and the restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors, activities, and interests (1).”
Background
Adaption and pilot implementation of an autism executive functioning intervention in children’s mental health services: a mixed-methods study protocol
Dickson, K. S., Aarons, G. A., Anthony, L. G., Kenworthy, L. E., Crandal, B. R., Williams, K. N., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2020) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-020-00593-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A transdiagnostic examination of anxiety and stress on executive function outcomes in disorders with social impairment.
Demetriou, E. A., Park, S. H., Pepper, K. L., Naismith, S. L., Song, Y. J., Thomas, E. E., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.089 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Relation between Cognitive and Emotional Processes in Children and Adolescents with Neurodevelopmental Disorders—A Meta-Analysis
Costescu, C. A., Roșan, A., David, C., Cozma, L., & Calota, A. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13120194 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Hollocks et al. [26] investigated the association between executive functioning and anxiety and depression in adolescents with ASD aged between 14 and 16 years.”
Background
Autistic Traits as Predictors of Increased Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Severity: The Role of Inflexibility and Communication Impairment
Dell’Osso, L., Nardi, B., Bonelli, C., Amatori, G., Pereyra, M. A., Massimetti, E., Cremone, I. M., Pini, S., & Carpita, B. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14010064 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Similarly, people with ASD show greater cognitive inflexibility compared to the general population, and those difficulties with executive functioning appear to be correlated with greater symptoms of both emotional and behavioral difficulties [88–91].”
Background
Systematic review of cognitive biases in autism spectrum disorders: A neuropsychological framework towards an understanding of the high prevalence of co-occurring depression
Bergman, M. A., Schene, A. H., Vissers, C., Vrijsen, J. N., Kan, C. C., & van Oostrom, I. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101455 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Executive Functioning Scale
Uljarević, M., Cai, R. Y., Hardan, A. Y., & Frazier, T. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1078211 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Further, EF and ER difficulties are associated with specific symptom domains commonly observed across NDD/NPD, including anxiety (16, 26), sameness/rituals (27, 28), social functioning difficulties (29, 30), positive and negative symptoms of psychoses (31–33) and externalizing problems (34).”
Background
Central Executive and Default Mode Networks: An Appraisal of Executive Function and Social Skill Brain-Behavior Correlates in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Blume, J., Dhanasekara, C. S., Kahathuduwa, C. N., & Mastergeorge, A. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05961-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…function abilities of those with ASD are also of great interest to the developmental science community, far less empirical work to date has focused on understanding the interplay between executive functioning and social skills (Andersen et al., 2015; Bertollo et al., 2020; Hollocks et al., 2014).”
Comparing executive functions profiles in anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorder in adolescence
Ghiotto, C., Silva, C., Charvin, I., Atzori, P., Givaudan, M., Fonséca, D. D., & Bat‐Pitault, F. (2022) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2904 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Concerning ASD our results are in agreement with Hollocks' et al., study (Hollocks et al., 2014), who found a strong association between anxiety and set‐ shifting, as evaluated by a card sorting task and the TMT in adolescents with ASD.”
Result
An investigation of the effect of social reciprocity, social anxiety, and letter fluency on communicative behaviors in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Kimura, Y., Fujioka, T., Jung, M., Fujisawa, T. X., Tomoda, A., & Kosaka, H. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113503 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Anxiety relates to classroom executive function problems in students with ASD, but not ADHD
Dieckhaus, M. F. S., Hardy, K. K., Anthony, L. G., Verbalis, A. D., Kenworthy, L. E., & Pugliese, C. E. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101739 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Brief Report: Role of Parent-Reported Executive Functioning and Anxiety in Insistence on Sameness in Individuals with Germline PTEN Mutations
Uljarević, M., Frazier, T. W., Rached, G., Busch, R. M., Klaas, P., Srivastava, S., Martínez-Agosto, J. A., Şahin, M., Eng, C., & Hardan, A. Y. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04881-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Phase III Study of Bumetanide Oral Liquid Formulation for the Treatment of Children and Adolescents Aged Between 7 and 17 Years with Autism Spectrum Disorder (SIGN 1 Trial): Participant Baseline Characteristics
Georgoula, C., Ferrín, M., Pietraszczyk-Kędziora, B., Amaia Hervas, G., Marret, S., Oliveira, G., Rosier, A., Crutel, V., Besse, E., Severo, C. A., et al. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01328-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Interrelationship Between Cognitive Control, Anxiety, and Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Children with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Uljarević, M., McCabe, K., Angkustsiri, K., Simon, T. J., & Hardan, A. Y. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2194 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Early and stable difficulties of everyday executive functions predict autism symptoms and emotional/behavioral problems in preschool age children with autism: a 2-year longitudinal study
Lupi, E., Tucci, F., Casula, L., Novello, R. L., Guerrera, S., Vicari, S., & Valeri, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1092164 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“, 2014) and emotional and behavioral problems over time (Hollocks et al., 2014; Lawson et al., 2015).”
Background
Health, psychosocial and cognitive factors associated with anxiety symptoms
Mendoza, L. S. M., Trujillo‐Güiza, M. L., Forero, D. A., & Báez, S. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05998-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…lower perfor - mance in executive functions to be associated with higher anxiety levels in populations such as primary care patients, older women, and neurodiverse individuals (Hollocks et al., 2014 ; Nyberg et al., 2021 ; Parra-Díaz et al., 2021 ; Predescu et al., 2020 ; Rozzini et al., 2009 ).”
Influential
Investigating the Effects of Transdiagnostic Processes on Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Autistic Young People: the Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation.
Barnes, G. L., Ozsivadjian, A., Baird, G., Absoud, M., & Hollocks, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06246-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Brief Report: Associations Between Cognitive Control Processes and Traits of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Anxiety in Children at Elevated and Typical Familial Likelihood for ASD
Godoy, P. B. G., Shephard, E., Milosavljevic, B., Johnson, M. H., Charman, T., The BASIS Team, Baron‐Cohen, S., Bedford, R., Bolton, P., Chandler, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04732-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Executive function as a generalized determinant of psychopathology and functional outcome in school-aged autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study
Wong, O. W. H., Barzilay, R., Lam, A. M. W., Chan, S. S. M., Calkins, M. E., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001787 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Studies have demonstrated that executive dysfunction in ASD could be related to psychopathology such as anxiety (Hollocks et al., 2014), depressive disorders (Wallace et al., 2016), aggressive behaviors (Lawson et al., 2015), and ADHD (Craig et al., 2016).”
Background
Reward Sensitivity Predicts the Response to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children with Autism and Anxiety
Hollocks, M. J., Wood, J. J., Storch, E. A., Cho, A. C., Kerns, C. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2025596 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Consistent with the previous research showing no significant relationships between measures of social cognition and anxiety in ASD (Hollocks et al., 2014), this study found that social cognition did not predict CBT treatment response.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
High autistic traits linked with reduced performance on affective task switching: An ERP study
Zhou, S., Chen, Z., Liu, G., Ma, L., & Liu, Y. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120855 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“These psychopathological variables may influence affective task switching performance (Hollocks et al., 2014; McArthur et al., 2022).”
Background
Police suspect interviews with autistic adults: The impact of truth telling versus deception on testimony
Bagnall, R., Cadman, A., Russell, A., Brosnan, M., Otte, M., & Maras, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1117415 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Elevated anxiety is associated with poorer executive functioning in autistic adolescents (Hollocks et al., 2014), and broader socio-cognitive processing difficulties (Velikonja et al.”
Background
Childhood Executive Function Predicts Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Emerging Adults With and Without Autism: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study
Fossum, I. N., Orm, S., Andersen, P. N., Geurts, H. M., Øie, M. G., & Skogli, E. W. (2023) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2023.2206663 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In a cross-sectional study on children and adolescents with ASD, more EF difficulties were associated with more symptoms of anxiety, but not depression (Hollocks et al., 2014).”
Background
Development and psychometric properties of self-reported job interview skills and job interview anxiety for autistic transition-age youth
Genova, H. M., Kallen, M. A., Sherwood, K. L., DaWalt, L. S., Bishop, L., Telfer, D., Brown, C., Sanchez, B., & Smith, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-230009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Executive functioning, adaptive skills, emotional and behavioral profile: A comparison between autism spectrum disorder and phenylketonuria
Trimarco, B., Manti, F., Nardecchia, F., Melogno, S., Testa, M., Meledandri, G., Carducci, C., Penge, R., & Leuzzi, V. (2020) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100577 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“A number of studies have investigated the relationship between EF and emotional symptoms: Cederlund and colleagues [42] found that depressive difficulties and EF impairments often co-occur in adolescents with ASD and Hollocks and colleagues [43] found a relationship between EF and anxiety symptoms.”
Background
Slow but Steady: Similarities and Differences in Executive Functioning Between Autistic and Non‐Autistic Adults
Jertberg, R., Begeer, S., Geurts, H. M., Chakrabarti, B., & der Burg, E. V. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Anxiety in a Preschool-Aged Sample with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Delay: Rates, Symptom Manifestation, and Parenting Risk Variables
Chan, N., Sanner, C. M., McGregor, H. A., Preston, A. E., & Neece, C. L. (2021) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2021.1883781 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…social communication deficits, higher rates of being bullied) may place those in this group at higher risk for various psychiatric disorders (Hollocks et al., 2014; Rowley et al., 2012), emphasizing the need for more research to better understand and support the mental health of those in…”
Background
Metacognition Mediates the Effect of Social Communication and Internalizing Behaviors on Self-management of Daily Life Tasks for Diploma-Track Autistic Youth
Munsell, E. G. S., Orsmond, G. I., Fulford, D., & Coster, W. J. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05306-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Probing heterogeneity to identify individualized treatment approaches in autism: Specific clusters of executive function challenges link to distinct co-occurring mental health problems
Pugliese, C. E., Handsman, R., You, X., Anthony, L. G., Vaidya, C. J., & Kenworthy, L. E. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241246091 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Specifically, we expect an EF profile characterized by inflexibility will be uniquely associated with anxiety, depression, and aggression (e.g. Hollocks et al., 2014; Lawson et al., 2015).”
Beyond group differences: Exploring the preliminary signals of target engagement of an executive function training for autistic children
Edmunds, S. R., MacNaughton, G. A., Rueda, M. R., Cómbita, L. M., & Faja, S. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2735 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Anxiety features are correlated with reduced EF in autism (Hollocks et al., 2014), and it is thought that anxiety may directly blunt EF skills like attention, shifting, and working memory (Corbetta & Shulman, 2002) and potentially inhibit learning.”
Background
Refining our Understanding of Anxiety in Autistic Youth: Examining the Role of Behavioral Inflexibility
Harrop, C., Bodfish, J. W., Lecavalier, L., Dallman, A., Jones, D. R., Pritchett, J., Whitten, A., & Boyd, B. A. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06079-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For example, children with anxiety have been found to perform more poorly on executive functioning tasks (Geronimi et al., 2016; Han et al., 2016; Murphy et al., 2018; Toren et al., 2000) and this relationship has been extended to autism (Hollocks et al., 2014, 2022; Wallace et al., 2016).”
Mediators of the association between physical activity and executive functions in primary school children
Bao, R., Leahy, A. A., Lubans, D. R., Diallo, T., Beauchamp, M. R., Smith, J. J., Hillman, C. H., & Wade, L. (2024) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2024.2422203 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…and social-emotional health (Diamond, 2013; Riggs et al., 2006; Yang et al., 2022), whereas impaired executive functions may have detrimental effects on physical (e.g., a risk of obesity (Mamrot & Hanć, 2019)) and mental (e.g., depression (Gardiner & Iarocci, 2018; Hollocks et al., 2014)) health.”
Effects of Movement and Sedentary Play interventions on executive functioning and their relationships with sensory, repetitive, and negative behaviors of children with ASD – a pilot RCT
Su, W. C., Srinivasan, S. M., & Bhat, A. N. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2465600 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“These findings align with previous studies linking EF difficulties to both externalizing (e.g., aggression) and internalizing behaviors (e.g., anxiety and depression) in children with ASD [19,43].”
Cognitive-Behavioral Principles and Their Applications Within Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ryan, P. M., Kaskas, M. M., & Davis, T. E. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805122-1.00006-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Profiles of circumscribed interests in autistic youth
Spackman, E. K., Smillie, L. D., Frazier, T. W., Hardan, A. Y., Alvares, G. A., Whitehouse, A., & Uljarević, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1037967 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Therefore, future studies may wish to explore other potential third variables, such as executive functioning or self-regulation, both of which have been linked to anxiety and CI (Anthony et al., 2013; Hollocks et al., 2014; Demetriou et al., 2019; Faja and Nelson Darling, 2019).”
Background
Anxiety Disorders in Autistic People
Schiltz, H. K., McVey, A. J., & Lord, C. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2024.04.016 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Emotion regulation and executive function: Associations with depression and anxiety in autism
Conner, C. M., Elias, R., Smith, I. C., & White, S. W. (2023) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102103 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Unique Roles of Executive Function in Co‐Occurring Psychopathologies in Autism
Ng, S., Leung, J., Lee, K., Lam, A. M. W., Wong, I. H. W., Ng, S., Gabrysiak, M., Lau, P., Chan, S. S. M., Moore, T. M., et al. (2026) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70296 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Symptoms of depression in autistic children and adolescents
Valles-Capetillo, E., Argueta, P., Martin, L. A., O’Kelley, S., & Kana, R. K. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1697147 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Associations between executive functions and mental health outcomes for adults with autism spectrum disorder.
Zimmerman, D. L., Ownsworth, T., O’Donovan, A., Roberts, J., & Gullo, M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.023 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Exploring the relationship between anxiety and social functioning in youth with autism spectrum disorder
Carrier, C. (2021) · York University Digital Library (York University)

Authors: Hollocks, M. J., Jones, C. R. G., Pickles, A., Baird, G., Happé, F., Charman, T., & Simonoff, E.
Affiliations: King's College London (GB)
Cardiff University (GB)
Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
MRC SGDP Research Centre Institute of Psychiatry King's College London London United Kingdom
Corresponding author: Hollocks, Matthew J.
ORCID: Hollocks, Matthew J.
Jones, Catherine R.G.
Pickles, Andrew
Baird, Gillian
Charman, Tony
Simonoff, Emily
Venue: Autism Research
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2014-03-12
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 216-228
ISSN: 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
1939-3806
DOI: 10.1002/aur.1361
OpenAlex: W2100273199
Cited by: 150
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 5.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Autism Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Medical Research Council (G0400065)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, adolescents, executive function, social cognition, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, anxiety comorbidity, neurocognitive function
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Culture, Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Statistics as Topic, Comorbidity, Intention, Executive Function, Theory of Mind, Emotional Intelligence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Association Between Social Cognition and Executive Functioning and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks