CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 809Memory Processes and InfluencesIdentity, Memory, and TherapyMemory and Neural Mechanisms

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 343 of the 343 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Précis of Elements of episodic memory

Tulving, Endel·1984·Behavioral and Brain Sciences
DOI 10.1017/s0140525x0004440x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Elements of episodic memory (Tulving 1983b) consists of three parts. Part I argues for the distinction between episodic and semantic memory as functionally separate albeit closely interacting systems. It begins with a review of the 1972 essay on the topic (Tulving 1972) and its shortcomings, presents a somewhat more complete characterization of the two forms of memory than the one that was possible in 1972, and proceeds to discuss empirical and theoretical reasons for a tentative acceptance of the functional distinction between the two systems and its possible extensions. Part II describes a framework for the study of episodic memory, dubbed General Abstract Processing System (GAPS). The basic unit in such study is an act of remembering. It begins with the witnessing of an event and ends with recollective experience of the event, with related memory performance, or both. The framework specifies a number of components (elements) of the act of remembering and their interrelations, classified under two broad categories of encoding and retrieval. Part III discusses experimental research under the label of “synergistic ecphory.” Ecphory is one of the central elements of retrieval; “synergistic” refers to the joint influence that the stored episodic information and the cognitively present retrieval information exert on the construction of the product of ecphory, the so-called ecphoric information. The concept of encoding specificity and the phenomenon of recognition failure of recallable words figure prominently in Part III. The final chapter of the book describes a model, named the synergistic ecphory model of retrieval, that relates qualitative characteristics of recollective experience and quantitative measures of memory performance in recall and recognition to the conjunction of episodic-memory traces and semantic-memory retrieval cues.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/s0140525x0004440x

Cites

343 of 343 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 338 references

Research works printed but not linked: 54

  1. Semon, 1923, Mnemic psychology
  2. Wickelgren, 1977, Learning and memory
  3. Schacter, 1982, Expression of knowledge
  4. Thomson, 1982, Person recognition: The effect of context, Human Learning, 1, 137
  5. Peris J.-L. (1983) A la poursuite des effets de contexte. Thesis for the Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies. University of Grenoble. [GT]
  6. Parker, 1983, Memories on the rising and falling blood alcohol curve, Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 21, 363
  7. Neisser, 1967, Cognitive psychology
  8. lndow, 1980, Attention and performance VIII
  9. Hintzman D. L. (1983) “Schema abstraction” in a multiple-trace memory model. Paper presented at the Conference on the Priority of the Specific: Elora, Ontario, June 1983. [DLH]
  10. Claparède, 1911, Reconnaissance et moiite, Archives de Psychologic, 11, 79
  11. Greenwald, 1981, Psychology of learning and motivation, 15
  12. LeCocq, 1981, Méimoirc et décision
  13. Kuhn, 1971, The essential tension
  14. Seamon, 1980, Memory and cognition: An introduction
  15. Brutsche, 1981, Effets de contexte dans la reconnaissance de visages non familiers, Cahiers de Psychologic Cognitive, 1, 85
  16. Grice, 1941, Personal identity, Mind, 50, 340
  17. Lamon M. (1982) The effects of context on recognition memory. M.A. thesis. University of Toronto. [GT]
  18. Semon, 1904, Die Mneme als erhaltendes Prinzip im Wechsel des organischen Gesechehens
  19. Jaynes, 1976, The origin of consciottsness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind
  20. Schooler, 1983, Consequences of recollection
  21. Martin, 1972, Coding processes in human memory
  22. Craik, 1979, Levels of processing in human memory
  23. de Schonen, 1968, Etude de différents modes d'indexation, L'Année Psychologique, 2, 1
  24. Peris, 1984, Effet de contexte et recherche conditionnelle dans la reconnaissance de visages non familiers, Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive
  25. Tulving, 1979, Perspectives on mneniory research
  26. Naus, 1979, Levels of processing in human memory
  27. Sternberg, 1979, Human intelligence
  28. Collins, 1972, Organization of memory
  29. Quillian M. R. (1966) Semantic memory. Ph.D. dissertation, Carnegie Institute of Technology. Also in: Semantic information processing, ed. M. Minsky. MIT Press. [taET]
  30. Kintsch, 1972, Organization of memory
  31. Rumelhart, 1972, Organization of memory
  32. Leibowitz, 1977, Zwei verschiedene Seh-Systemc: Neue Untersuchungsergebnisse zur Raumorientierung, Umschau, 77, 353
  33. Morton J. , Hammersley R. & Bekerian D. A. (1980) Headed records. Paper delivered to Experimental Psychology Society, Cambridge, June 1980. [JM]
  34. Schank, 1975, Representation and understanding
  35. Kihlstrom, 1984, The unconscious: A reappraisal
  36. Jones, 1980, Attention and performance VIII
  37. Nilsson, 1980, Cognition and memory: Interdisciplinary research of human memory activities
  38. Estes, 1976, 1977 Yearbook of science and the future
  39. Baddeley, 1982, Human memory and amnesia
  40. Estes, 1959, Psychology: A study of a science, 2
  41. Eysenck, 1979, Levels of processing in human memory
  42. Shiffrin, 1976, Handbook of learning and cognitive processes: vol. 4. Memory processes
  43. 10.4992/jjpsy.51.259 · DOI
  44. Miller, 1972, Lexical memory, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 116, 140
  45. Anderson, 1979, Levels of processing in human memory
  46. Baddeley A. & Wilson B. (in press) Differences among amnesia and between amnesics: The role of single ease methodology in theoretical analysis and practical treatment. Paper presented at Princeton Symposium on Amnesia, 1983. [ADB]
  47. Kintsch, 1970, Models of human memory
  48. Tulving, 1979, Levels of processing in human memory
  49. Bower, 1972, Coding processes in human memory
  50. Mishkin, 1982, Alzheimer's disease: A report of progress
  51. Tiberghien, 1976, La mámoire semantique
  52. Jacoby, 1979, Levels of processing in human memory
  53. Ehrlich, 1979, Memory organization and structure
  54. Winograd, 1971, Animal memory

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Tulving, E.
Affiliations
University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author
Tulving, Endel
Venue
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
1984-06
Volume
7
Issue
2
Pages
223-238
ISSN
  • 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-1825
DOI
10.1017/s0140525x0004440x
OpenAlex
W2034470020
Cited by
809
References
338
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 23
FWCI
28.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 9379 d)
Locations
Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords
episodic memory, semantic memory, recollection, encoding specificity, recognition failure, memory retrieval, memory encoding, Tulving

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review