Two visual systems and two theories of perception: An attempt to reconcile the constructivist and ecological approaches
Abstract
The two contrasting theoretical approaches to visual perception, the constructivist and the ecological, are briefly presented and illustrated through their analyses of space and size perception. Earlier calls for their reconciliation and unification are reviewed. Neurophysiological, neuropsychological, and psychophysical evidence for the existence of two quite distinct visual systems, the ventral and the dorsal, is presented. These two perceptual systems differ in their functions; the ventral system's central function is that of identification, while the dorsal system is mainly engaged in the visual control of motor behavior. The strong parallels between the ecological approach and the functioning of the dorsal system, and between the constructivist approach and the functioning of the ventral system are noted. It is also shown that the experimental paradigms used by the proponents of these two approaches match the functions of the respective visual systems. A dual-process approach to visual perception emerges from this analysis, with the ecological-dorsal process transpiring mainly without conscious awareness, while the constructivist-ventral process is normally conscious. Some implications of this dual-process approach to visual-perceptual phenomena are presented, with emphasis on space perception.
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The P system conducts high-resolution visual information to cortex.
“The P system originates with LGN neurons with smaller cell bodies and, in contrast, conducts high-resolution visual information to cortex and is involved in processing of fine-grained stimulus details and object identification (2,6).”
From Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia (2008) · cites this paper as [6]
The P system is involved in processing of fine-grained stimulus details and object identification.
“The P system originates with LGN neurons with smaller cell bodies and, in contrast, conducts high-resolution visual information to cortex and is involved in processing of fine-grained stimulus details and object identification (2,6).”
From Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia (2008) · cites this paper as [6]
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Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia
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The History and Philosophy of Ecological Psychology
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Perceiving the World Through Group-Colored Glasses: A Perceptual Model of Intergroup Relations
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Effective self-regulated science learning through multimedia-enriched skeleton concept maps
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- Authors
- Norman, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Norman, Joel
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2002-02
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 73-96
- ISSN
- 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1825
- OpenAlex
- W2162550962
- Cited by
- 466
- References
- 392
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 8.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- visual perception, constructivism, ecological approach, ventral stream, dorsal stream, dual-process theory, spatial perception, size perception, unconscious perception, object identification
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Haplorhini, Awareness, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Orientation, Psychological Theory, Psychomotor Performance, Psychophysics, Size Perception, Social Environment, Space Perception, Visual Pathways
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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