Cited by 466Visual perception and processing mechanismsPhilosophy and Theoretical ScienceFace Recognition and Perception

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Two visual systems and two theories of perception: An attempt to reconcile the constructivist and ecological approaches

Norman, Joel·2002·Behavioral and Brain Sciences

DOI 10.1017/s0140525x0200002x

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Abstract

The two contrasting theoretical approaches to visual perception, the constructivist and the ecological, are briefly presented and illustrated through their analyses of space and size perception. Earlier calls for their reconciliation and unification are reviewed. Neurophysiological, neuropsychological, and psychophysical evidence for the existence of two quite distinct visual systems, the ventral and the dorsal, is presented. These two perceptual systems differ in their functions; the ventral system's central function is that of identification, while the dorsal system is mainly engaged in the visual control of motor behavior. The strong parallels between the ecological approach and the functioning of the dorsal system, and between the constructivist approach and the functioning of the ventral system are noted. It is also shown that the experimental paradigms used by the proponents of these two approaches match the functions of the respective visual systems. A dual-process approach to visual perception emerges from this analysis, with the ecological-dorsal process transpiring mainly without conscious awareness, while the constructivist-ventral process is normally conscious. Some implications of this dual-process approach to visual-perceptual phenomena are presented, with emphasis on space perception.

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Authors: Norman, J.
Affiliations: University of Haifa (IL)
Corresponding author: Norman, Joel
Venue: Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2002-02
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Pages: 73-96
ISSN: 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
1469-1825
DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0200002x
OpenAlex: W2162550962
Cited by: 466
References: 392
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 8.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 356 d)
Locations: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Keywords: visual perception, constructivism, ecological approach, ventral stream, dorsal stream, dual-process theory, spatial perception, size perception, unconscious perception, object identification
MeSH terms: Animals, Haplorhini, Awareness, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Orientation, Psychological Theory, Psychomotor Performance, Psychophysics, Size Perception, Social Environment, Space Perception, Visual Pathways

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Two visual systems and two theories of perception: An attempt to reconcile the constructivist and ecological approaches

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