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Cited by 1,034

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Epidemic influenza and vitamin D

Open access
CANNELL, J. J., VIETH, R., UMHAU, J. C., HOLICK, M. F., GRANT, W. B., MADRONICH, S., GARLAND, C. F., GIOVANNUCCI, E.·2006·Epidemiology and Infection
DOI 10.1017/s0950268806007175
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Abstract

In 1981, R. Edgar Hope-Simpson proposed that a ‘seasonal stimulus’ intimately associated with solar radiation explained the remarkable seasonality of epidemic influenza. Solar radiation triggers robust seasonal vitamin D production in the skin; vitamin D deficiency is common in the winter, and activated vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2 D, a steroid hormone, has profound effects on human immunity. 1,25(OH)2 D acts as an immune system modulator, preventing excessive expression of inflammatory cytokines and increasing the ‘oxidative burst’ potential of macrophages. Perhaps most importantly, it dramatically stimulates the expression of potent anti-microbial peptides, which exist in neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cells, and in epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract where they play a major role in protecting the lung from infection. Volunteers inoculated with live attenuated influenza virus are more likely to develop fever and serological evidence of an immune response in the winter. Vitamin D deficiency predisposes children to respiratory infections. Ultraviolet radiation (either from artificial sources or from sunlight) reduces the incidence of viral respiratory infections, as does cod liver oil (which contains vitamin D). An interventional study showed that vitamin D reduces the incidence of respiratory infections in children. We conclude that vitamin D, or lack of it, may be Hope-Simpson's ‘seasonal stimulus’.

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Metadata

Authors
CANNELL, J. J., VIETH, R., UMHAU, J. C., HOLICK, M. F., GRANT, W. B., MADRONICH, S., GARLAND, C. F., & GIOVANNUCCI, E.
Venue
Epidemiology and Infection
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2006-09-07
Volume
134
Issue
6
Pages
1129-1140
ISSN
  • 0950-2688 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-4409
DOI
10.1017/s0950268806007175
OpenAlex
W2113537333
Cited by
1,034
References
5
FWCI
30.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
bronze

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