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The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
The circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations that are the product of two independent neurophysiological systems. This model stands in contrast to theories of basic emotions, which posit that a discrete and independent neural system subserves every emotion. We propose that basic emotion theories no longer explain adequately the vast number of empirical observations from studies in affective neuroscience, and we suggest that a conceptual shift is needed in the empirical approaches taken to the study of emotion and affective psychopathologies. The circumplex model of affect is more consistent with many recent findings from behavioral, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and developmental studies of affect. Moreover, the model offers new theoretical and empirical approaches to studying the development of affective disorders as well as the genetic and cognitive underpinnings of affective processing within the central nervous system. This work was supported in part by NIMH Grants MH01232, MH59139, MH36197, MHK02-74677, and MH068318; a grant from the National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD); NSF Grant BSC-0421702; and funding from the Thomas D. Klingenstein and Nancy D. Perlman Family Fund and the Suzanne Crosby Murphy Endowment at Columbia University.
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“These opposite effects on ISC fit with the proposed distinction between valence and arousal representations in the brain (31,32) and they also highlight the neurobehavioral functions that emotional arousal and valence may have in human social interaction.”
From Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
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“…arousal (Ganster et al., 2018; McEwen & Wingfield, 2003), indicated by constructs such as anxiety, nervousness, tension, or anger/resentment (Cropanzano et al., 2003; Posner et al., 2005; Warr, 2007), which represent the “distress quadrant” of the emotional circumplex (Van Katwyk et al., 2000).”
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KRISTINA: A Knowledge-Based Virtual Conversation Agent
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“From this perspective, emotions are not unique perception-action programs with stereotyped behavioral and physiological outputs, and as a result, facial expressions are not indicative of discrete emotion categories (Barrett, 2006; Posner et al., 2005).”
Emotion monitoring system for drivers
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“Moreover, the degree of arousal reflects the strength and magnitude of emotions expressed toward the advertised brands and products (Posner et al. 2005; Russell 1980).”
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“[44] and called Circumplex Model of Affect (CMA).”
BackgroundMixedEmotions: An Open-Source Toolbox for Multimodal Emotion Analysis
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“model [13], [14]; Osgood identified three primary dimensions of emotion expression (Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance) [15]; and”
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“We recommend researchers to look at the several discrete emotions corresponding to different arousals, from deactivation to activation, following the circumplex models of emotion [42, 43].”
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“Russell’s circumplex model of affect [20].”
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“This approach might work in a situation of deactivating affective states, such as sadness and depression, but might be difficult with activating affective states, such as anger, nervosity, and distress (see Circumplex Model; Jonathan, Russell, and Peterson 2008).”
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The moderating effects of emotions on cognitive skills
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“…innate basic emotions such as happiness and sadness (Ekman 1992), whilst the dimensional emotion model asserts that all affective states arise from two independent neurophysiological systems: arousal (activation–deactivation) and valence (pleasure–displeasure) (Posner, Russell, and Peterson 2005).”
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“The circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states emerge from cognitive interpretations of neural sensations from two independent neurophysiological systems [35].”
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InfluentialSelection of the Most Relevant Physiological Features for Classifying Emotion
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BackgroundTesta, G., Villena‐Moya, A., & Actis, C. C. (2024) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-024-00548-0 · Cited by 36
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BackgroundTeymoori, H., Amiri, E., Tahmasebi, W., Hoseini, R., Grosprêtre, S., & Machado, D. G. D. S. (2023) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-023-01221-9 · Cited by 31
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“Posner and co-authors [39] have suggested that the processing of emotional valence might be subserved by the mesolimbic system originating from the ventral tegmental area that sends dopaminergic projections to the nucleus accumbens.”
BackgroundExpert-Driven Perceptual Features for Modeling Style and Affect in Human Motion
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“We refer the reader to Russell’s model or circumplex for affect, which uses activation and pleasantness as its two axes [42].”
BackgroundMethodTowards EEG-based BCI driven by emotions for addressing BCI-Illiteracy: a meta-analytic review
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“Arousal and Valence are the dimensions of the Circumplex model of affect [51].”
BackgroundMenon, A., Natarajan, A., Agashe, R., Sun, D., Aristio, M., Liew, H., Shao, Y. S., & Rabaey, J. M. (2022) · Brain Informatics · doi:10.1186/s40708-022-00162-8 · Cited by 30
“A representation of emotion used for affective computing is the arousal-valence plane [15].”
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“These are frequently conceived as two neurophysiological systems, one related to valence and the other to arousal, so that, emotions are theorised to stem as a linear combination of these two dimensions (Posner, Russell, and Peterson 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialJakubowski, K., & Francini, E. (2022) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218221129793 · Cited by 33
“Specifically, we preselected musical cues with high and low familiarity (based on pilot studies) that fell into each of the four quadrants of the circumplex, two-dimensional model of emotion (Posner et al., 2005; Russell, 1980), in which emotions are conceptualised by their valence (variations in positivity/negativity…”
MethodInfluence of Emotional Expression on Memory Recognition Bias in Schizophrenia as Revealed by fMRI
Sergerie, K., Armony, J. L., Menear, M., Sutton, H., & Lepage, M. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn172 · Cited by 30
“Taken together, these findings show that the influence of emotion on memory depends not only on stimulus valence or arousal but also on a combination of these 2 dimensions consistent with the circumplex model which posits that individual emotions can be represented as points in a 2-dimensional emotion space, with vale…”
BackgroundRecognizing users feedback from non-verbal communicative acts in conversational recommender systems
Carolis, B. N. D., de Gemmis, M., Lops, P., & Palestra, G. (2017) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2017.06.011 · Cited by 30
“The annotation labels for the analysis of facial expressions were selected according to the dimensional approach (Posner et al., 2005).”
MethodCross-cultural emotion recognition and evaluation of Radboud faces database with an Indian sample
Mishra, M., Ray, S. B., & Srinivasan, N. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203959 · Cited by 30
Player-Game Interaction Through Affective Sound
Nacke, L. E., & Grimshaw, M. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61692-828-5.ch013 · Cited by 30
Raoult, C. M. C., Moser, J., & Gygax, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02197 · Cited by 29
“It is assumed that different types of affective states are relevant for different periods of time (Spruijt et al., 2001; Posner et al., 2005; Mendl et al., 2009).”
BackgroundEtemadi, M., Amiri, E., Tadıbı, V., Grosprêtre, S., Dehnou, V. V., & Machado, D. G. D. S. (2023) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-023-00794-4 · Cited by 29
“Accordingly, each emotion is considered a linear combination of valence and arousal [74].”
BackgroundBaşgöze, Z., Gönül, A. S., Başkak, B., & Gökçay, D. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.099 · Cited by 34
“This mechanism develops early (Posner et al., 2005) and allows for representation of more sophisticated emotions through the semantic palette later (Gökçay, 2011).”
BackgroundTseng, A., Wang, Z., Huo, Y., Goh, S., Russell, J. A., & Peterson, B. S. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23041 · Cited by 30
“Accordingly, activity in neural structures or pathways that correlate with the degree of emotional arousal or valence induced by the emotional probes can be assessed in individual participants [Posner et al., 2005].”
InfluentialSelf-citationGenerating emotionally relevant musical scores for audio stories
Rubin, S., & Agrawala, M. (2014) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology · doi:10.1145/2642918.2647406 · Cited by 33
“[20].”
Collins, E. C., Prescott, T. J., Mitchinson, B., & Conran, S. O. (2015) · International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology (ACE) · doi:10.1145/2832932.2832978 · Cited by 32
“MIRO represents affective state using the circumplex model [7].”
MethodKrause, A., Puppe, B., & Langbein, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00103 · Cited by 30
“The first affective reaction was described as a fast neurophysiological reaction to prepare the body for action in a given circumstance (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundPerfectionism and the pursuit of personal goals: A self-determination theory analysis
Moore, E., Holding, A. C., Hope, N. H., Harvey, B., Powers, T. A., Zuroff, D. C., & Koestner, R. (2017) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-017-9654-2 · Cited by 36
Development of a web-based user experience evaluation system for home appliances
Park, J., Han, S. H., Park, J., Park, J., Kwahk, J., Lee, M., & Jeong, D. Y. (2018) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2018.05.017 · Cited by 29
Shoham, A., Hadash, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618770446 · Cited by 29
Physiological Measurement for Emotion Recognition in Virtual Reality
Hinkle, L. B., Roudposhti, K. K., & Metsis, V. (2019) · International Conference on Data Intelligence and Security (ICDIS) · doi:10.1109/icdis.2019.00028 · Cited by 29
“Even members of the research team who were familiar with the classification of emotion and the arousal-valence model of affect [6], struggled to enunciate what types of emotion a specific video or game induced.”
BackgroundInfluentialGasper, K., Danube, C. L., & Hu, D. (2021) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-020-09861-3 · Cited by 32
Computer Mouse Movements as an Indicator of Work Stress: Longitudinal Observational Field Study
Banholzer, N., Feuerriegel, S., Fleisch, E., Bauer, G. F., & Kowatsch, T. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/27121 · Cited by 29
“This model relates affective states to two underlying neurophysiological systems: valence, a pleasure-displeasure continuum, and arousal or alertness [22].”
Marocolo, M., Hohl, R., Arriel, R. A., & da Mota, G. R. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-05109-9 · Cited by 29
Cross‐culture and gender invariance of the Warr (1990) job‐related well‐being measure
Łaguna, M., Mielniczuk, E., Razmus, W., Moriano, J. A., & Gorgievski, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12166 · Cited by 32
Sozo, V., & Ogliari, A. (2019) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2019.01.003 · Cited by 29
Beyond Emotion: Love as an Encounter of Myth and Drive
Lamy, L. (2016) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073915594431 · Cited by 38
“Dimensional (Russell, 2003) or circumplex (Posner et al., 2005) models of emotions propose that each emotion is a cognitive interpretation of a core physiological state.”
BackgroundPurpose in Daily Life: Considering Within-Person Sense of Purpose Variability
Pfund, G. N., Burrow, A. L., & Hill, P. L. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104473 · Cited by 22
Becker, K. R., Fischer, S. F., Smith, G. T., & Miller, J. D. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.019 · Cited by 31
Using cardio-respiratory signals to recognize emotions elicited by watching music video clips
Mirmohamadsadeghi, L., Yazdani, A., & Vésin, J.-M. (2016) · IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP) · doi:10.1109/mmsp.2016.7813349 · Cited by 28
“They are often characterized by the two dimensions of arousal and valence [2], where arousal is related to inner activation (excited vs.”
BackgroundA Wearable Skin-Stretching Tactile Interface for Human–Robot and Human–Human Communication
Haynes, A., Simons, M. F., Helps, T., Nakamura, Y., & Rossiter, J. M. (2019) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2019.2896933 · Cited by 28
ISABELA – A Socially-Aware Human-in-the-Loop Advisor System
Fernandes, J. M., Raposo, D., Armando, N., Sinche, S., Silva, J. S., Rodrigues, A., Pereira, V., Oliveira, H. G., Macedo, L., & Boavida, F. (2020) · Online Social Networks and Media · doi:10.1016/j.osnem.2020.100060 · Cited by 28
Breuer, C., Rumpf, C., & Boronczyk, F. (2021) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21481 · Cited by 29
“According to the dimensional view of emotions, different emotional states can be conceptualized based on variations in two fundamental dimensions, arousal and valence (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundExpressing Robot Personality through Talking Body Language
Zabala, U., Rodríguez, I., Martínez‐Otzeta, J. M., & Lazkano, E. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11104639 · Cited by 28
“These models allow for a wider range of emotions [43,44].”
Frid, E., & Bresin, R. (2021) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00788-4 · Cited by 28
“…of the text entries were in the form of a single word or few synonyms, we decided to take a high-level approach focusing on aspects related to motion (activity) and emotion (valence) expressed by these words, based on a categorization into the two-dimentional circum-plex model of affect [38].”
MethodDevelopment of a validated emotionally provocative musical stimulus set for research
Lepping, R. J., Atchley, R. A., & Savage, C. R. (2015) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735615604509 · Cited by 29
Implementing Dynamic Assessments in Psychotherapy
Hopwood, C. J., Thomas, K. M., Luo, X., Bernard, N. K., Lin, Y., & Levendosky, A. A. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116649658 · Cited by 29
Balducci, F., Grana, C., & Cucchiara, R. (2016) · The Visual Computer · doi:10.1007/s00371-016-1320-2 · Cited by 28
“[53,54] (an interpretation of which is in Fig.”
BackgroundNeurophysiological Profile of Antismoking Campaigns
Modica, E., Rossi, D., Cartocci, G., Perrotta, D., Feo, P. D., Mancini, M., Aricò, P., Inguscio, B. M. S., & Babiloni, F. (2018) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2018/9721561 · Cited by 28
“&eoretical models have been designed to describe emotional states mainly including as independent variables the valence and the arousal experienced by the persons [32, 57, 58].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- POSNER, J., RUSSELL, J. A., & PETERSON, B. S.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Boston College (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 715-734
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2367156
- OpenAlex
- W2165857685
- Cited by
- 2,602
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 226 · 2023: 213 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 170 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 174 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH‐K02‐74677, MH 36197, R01MH036197, MH59139, R01MH059139, MH-01232, R01MH068318, MH 068318, K08MH001232)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017820)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- circumplex model of affect, basic emotions, affective neuroscience, cognitive development, mood disorders, neural systems, emotion theory
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Arousal, Mental Disorders, Brain, Cognition, Facial Expression, Humans, Nerve Net, Neurosciences, Psychological Theory, Temperament, Visual Perception
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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