Chapter 4 Affect as a Psychological Primitive
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In this article, we discuss the hypothesis that affect is a fundamental, psychologically irreducible property of the human mind. We begin by presenting historical perspectives on the nature of affect. Next, we proceed with a more contemporary discussion of core affect as a basic property of the mind that is realized within a broadly distributed neuronal workspace. We then present the affective circumplex, a mathematical formalization for representing core affective states, and show that this model can be used to represent individual differences in core affective feelings that are linked to meaningful variation in emotional experience. Finally, we conclude by suggesting that core affect has psychological consequences that reach beyond the boundaries of emotion, to influence learning and consciousness.
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Interoceptive sensations are usually experienced as lower dimensional feelings of affect.
“Interoceptive sensations are usually experienced as lower dimensional feelings of affect”
From The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization (2016) · cites this paper as Barrett and Bliss-Moreau, 2009
Section 2 describes core affect as grounded in bodily fluctuations and integrating interoceptive information; Section 4 describes it in two dimensions, valence and arousal. But Section 3 says that when affect is in the background of consciousness, it is perceived as a property of the world rather than as a feeling. The copy therefore supports the link between interoception and low-dimensional affect, but not the claim that interoceptive sensations are usually experienced as feelings of affect. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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200 of 205 shown
Cited by
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The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 · Cited by 2,320 · see citing works
Self-citationInteroceptive predictions in the brain
Barrett, L. F., & Simmons, W. K. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3950 · Cited by 1,766 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotional expressions reconsidered: Challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements
Barrett, L. F., Adolphs, R., Marsella, S., Martinez, A. M., & Pollak, S. D. (2019) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100619832930 · Cited by 1,748 · see citing works
Self-citationThe theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
Barrett, L. F. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw154 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotion generation and emotion regulation: One or two depends on your point of view
Gross, J. J., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910380974 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
“…ingredient has been discussed as either raw sensations (e.g., James, 1884), arousal (Duffy, 1957; Mandler, 1975; Schachter & Singer, 1962), affect (Barrett & Bliss-Moreau, 2009; Russell, 2003), or motivational states to approach or avoid objects in the world (e.g., Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999;…”
Lindquist, K. A., Satpute, A. B., Wager, T. D., Weber, J., & Barrett, L. F. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv001 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, W. G., Schloesser, D., Arensdorf, A. M., Simmons, J. M., Cui, C., Valentino, R., Gnadt, J. W., Nielsen, L., Hillaire-Clarke, C. S., Spruance, V., et al. (2021) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.007 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Evidence for a large-scale brain system supporting allostasis and interoception in humans
Kleckner, I. R., Zhang, J., Touroutoglou, A., Chanes, L., Xia, C., Simmons, W. K., Quigley, K. S., Dickerson, B. C., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0069 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
See it with feeling: affective predictions during object perception
Barrett, L. F., & Bar, M. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0312 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Self-citationAn active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression
Barrett, L. F., Quigley, K. S., & Hamilton, P. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0011 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Self-citationFeelings change: Accounting for individual differences in the temporal dynamics of affect.
Kuppens, P., Oravecz, Z., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020962 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Siegel, E. H., Sands, M. K., Van den Noortgate, W., Condon, P., Chang, Y., Dy, J., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000128 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Self-citationBarrett, L. F. (2009) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930902985894 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Self-citationThe amygdala as a hub in brain networks that support social life
Bickart, K. C., Dickerson, B. C., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.013 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
reconstructing the past: a century of ideas about emotion in psychology
Gendron, M., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2009) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073909338877 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Emotion words, emotion concepts, and emotional development in children: A constructionist hypothesis
Hoemann, K., Xu, F., & Barrett, L. F. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000686 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Relationship Between Uncertainty and Affect
Anderson, E. C., Carleton, R. N., Diefenbach, M., & Han, P. K. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02504 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self
Quigley, K. S., Kanoski, S., Grill, W. M., Barrett, L. F., & Tsakiris, M. (2021) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.008 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Self-citationHolmes, A. J., Lee, P. H., Hollinshead, M. O., Bakst, L., Roffman, J. L., Smoller, J. W., & Buckner, R. L. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2531-12.2012 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“The present analyses incorporated five self-report measures associated with the experience of negative affect (Barrett and Bliss-Moreau, 2009; Watson and Tellegen, 1985; Watson et al., 1999).”
Pfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.04.011 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Touroutoglou, A., Hollenbeck, M., Dickerson, B. C., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.012 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Social psychophysiology and embodiment
Blascovich, J., & Mendes, W. B. (2010) · Handbook of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001006 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research
Hutchinson, J. B., & Barrett, L. F. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419831992 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationHow does interoceptive awareness interact with the subjective experience of emotion? An fMRI Study
Terasawa, Y., Fukushima, H., & Umeda, S. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21458 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Viewpoints: Approaches to defining and investigating fear
Mobbs, D., Adolphs, R., Fanselow, M. S., Barrett, L. F., LeDoux, J. E., Ressler, K., & Tye, K. M. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0456-6 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationFeeling blue or turquoise? Emotional differentiation in major depressive disorder
Demiralp, E., Thompson, R. J., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Barrett, L. F., Ellsworth, P. C., Demiralp, M., Hernandez-Garcia, L., Deldin, P. J., et al. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612444903 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The sense of should: A biologically-based framework for modeling social pressure
Theriault, J. E., Young, L., & Barrett, L. F. (2021) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2020.01.004 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationHistorical pitfalls and new directions in the neuroscience of emotion
Barrett, L. F., & Satpute, A. B. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.045 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationInteroceptive sensitivity predicts sensitivity to the emotions of others
Terasawa, Y., Moriguchi, Y., Tochizawa, S., & Umeda, S. (2014) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.888988 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder
Jungilligens, J., Paredes-Echeverri, S., Popkirov, S., Barrett, L. F., & Perez, D. L. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac204 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationContext-aware experience sampling reveals the scale of variation in affective experience
Hoemann, K., Khan, Z., Feldman, M. J., Nielson, C., Devlin, M., Dy, J., Barrett, L. F., Wormwood, J. B., & Quigley, K. S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69180-y · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationDeveloping an understanding of emotion categories: Lessons from objects
Hoemann, K., Wu, R., LoBue, V., Oakes, L. M., Xu, F., & Barrett, L. F. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.10.010 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationThe hedonic character of nostalgia: an integrative data analysis
Leunissen, J., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Routledge, C. (2021) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073920950455 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Happily entangled: prediction, emotion, and the embodied mind
Miller, M., & Clark, A. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-017-1399-7 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Involvement of Sensory Regions in Affective Experience: A Meta-Analysis
Satpute, A. B., Kang, J., Bickart, K. C., Yardley, H., Wager, T. D., & Barrett, L. F. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01860 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, L., Restubog, S., Shao, B., Lu, V., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2018) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2015.0460 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Interoception as modeling, allostasis as control
Sennesh, E., Theriault, J., Brooks, D., van de Meent, J.-W., Barrett, L. F., & Quigley, K. S. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108242 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationAllostasis, action and affect in depression: Insights from the theory of constructed emotion
Shaffer, C., Westlin, C., Quigley, K. S., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., & Barrett, L. F. (2022) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-115627 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationAllostasis as a core feature of hierarchical gradients in the human brain
Katsumi, Y., Theriault, J. E., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2022) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn_a_00240 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationMendes, W. B. (2010) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910364149 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Ferrer, R. A., Green, P. A., & Barrett, L. F. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615576755 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationNeonatal amygdala lesions result in globally blunted affect in adult rhesus macaques
Bliss-Moreau, E., Bauman, M. D., & Amaral, D. G. (2011) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0025757 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationIntrinsic functional connectivity is organized as three interdependent gradients
Zhang, J., Abiose, O., Katsumi, Y., Touroutoglou, A., Dickerson, B. C., & Barrett, L. F. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51793-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationThe differences between suicide ideators and suicide attempters: simple, complicated, or complex
Huang, X., Ribeiro, J. D., & Franklin, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000498 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Affective experience in the predictive mind: a review and new integrative account
Fernandez Velasco, P., & Loev, S. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02755-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The mobile assistance for regulating smoking (MARS) micro-randomized trial design protocol
Nahum-Shani, I., Potter, L. N., Lam, C. Y., Yap, J., Moreno, A., Stoffel, R., Wu, Z., Wan, N., Dempsey, W., Kumar, S., et al. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2021.106513 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Gendron, M., Mesquita, B., & Barrett, L. F. (2020) · Culture, Mind, and Brain · doi:10.1017/9781108695374.010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards a theory of mood function
Wong, M. Y. (2016) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2015.1024830 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The value of consciousness: experiences worth having
Moncoucy, L., Dołęga, K., Tallon-Baudry, C., & Cleeremans, A. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0303 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…our first claim about the function of conscious experience, namely that most basic and paradigmatic forms of phenomenal states associated with sentience [11], such as the valenced feelings of core affect [12], have probably been selected for their capacity to serve as indicators of adaptive value.”
- Authors
- Barrett, L. F., & Bliss‐Moreau, E.
- Affiliations
- Boston College (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 41
- Pages
- 167-218
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2884406
- OpenAlex
- W39174686
- Cited by
- 621
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 30.07
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DP1OD003312)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG030311)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K02MH001981)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- affect, core affect, emotional experience, learning, consciousness
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