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The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
The circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations that are the product of two independent neurophysiological systems. This model stands in contrast to theories of basic emotions, which posit that a discrete and independent neural system subserves every emotion. We propose that basic emotion theories no longer explain adequately the vast number of empirical observations from studies in affective neuroscience, and we suggest that a conceptual shift is needed in the empirical approaches taken to the study of emotion and affective psychopathologies. The circumplex model of affect is more consistent with many recent findings from behavioral, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and developmental studies of affect. Moreover, the model offers new theoretical and empirical approaches to studying the development of affective disorders as well as the genetic and cognitive underpinnings of affective processing within the central nervous system. This work was supported in part by NIMH Grants MH01232, MH59139, MH36197, MHK02-74677, and MH068318; a grant from the National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD); NSF Grant BSC-0421702; and funding from the Thomas D. Klingenstein and Nancy D. Perlman Family Fund and the Suzanne Crosby Murphy Endowment at Columbia University.
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“These opposite effects on ISC fit with the proposed distinction between valence and arousal representations in the brain (31,32) and they also highlight the neurobehavioral functions that emotional arousal and valence may have in human social interaction.”
From Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
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“…distances in the neural temporal profiles reflect similar distances measured on subjective categorization of emotional facial expressions, as previous behavioral studies reported maximal distances from sadness to fear and from disgust to happiness (Russell and Bullock, 1985; Posner et al., 2005).”
ResultPassive Brain-Computer Interfaces for Enhanced Human-Robot Interaction
Alimardani, M., & Hiraki, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2020.00125 · Cited by 88
“The latter maps emotions on either a two-dimensional valence-arousal space (Posner et al., 2005; Atkinson and Campos, 2016) or a three-dimensional valence-arousal-dominance space (Mehrabian, 1996; Reuderink et al., 2013).”
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Gooding, H. C., Mann, K. V., & Armstrong, E. G. (2016) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2016.1231913 · Cited by 90
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BackgroundContentment: Perceived Completeness across Cultures and Traditions
Cordaro, D. T., Brackett, M. A., Glass, L., & Anderson, C. L. (2016) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000082 · Cited by 93
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Balan, O. C., Moise, G., Moldoveanu, A. D. B., Leordeanu, M., & Moldoveanu, F. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19071738 · Cited by 88
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Feng, H., Golshan, H. M., & Mahoor, M. H. (2018) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2018.06.014 · Cited by 89
Fang, W.-C., Wang, K.-Y., Fahier, N., Ho, Y.-L., & Huang, Y.-D. (2019) · IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/jetcas.2019.2951232 · Cited by 86
Introduction to Human Affective Neuroscience
Armony, J. L., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511843716.003 · Cited by 96
Holmes, M. E., Panteleimon Ekkekakis, A., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2009) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00680.x · Cited by 90
“The dimensions of valence and activation are believed to be the fundamental building blocks of affective life and emerge with remarkable consistency across different types of dimensional analysis (factor or scaling analyses), different types of stimuli (words, facial expressions of emotion) and different cultures (32,…”
BackgroundDissociable Effects of Valence and Arousal in Adaptive Executive Control
Kuhbandner, C., & Zehetleitner, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029287 · Cited by 95
“The results of our study support dimensional models of affect positing that all affective states derive from the two independent basic dimensions of valence and arousal. Dimensional models of affect are consistent with many recent findings from behavioral, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and developmental studie…”
ResultFocused, Aroused, but so Distractible
Mark, G. J., Iqbal, S. T., Czerwinski, M. P., & Johns, P. (2015) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2675133.2675221 · Cited by 98
“reported here) and Arousal, (on a vertical axis that crossed a horizontal Valence axis) using a range of -200 (low arousal) to +200 (high arousal), based on the Circumplex model for Valence/Arousal (for a review, including its validity, see [27]).”
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Morrow, J. D., Maren, S., & Robinson, T. E. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.013 · Cited by 84
“Individual differences in the intensity of emotional reactions to conditioned cues has been proposed as a key personality trait that can predispose toward or protect against various forms of psychopathology [14,27].”
BackgroundOn the design of the huggable robot Probo
Saldien, J., Goris, K., Yilmazyildiz, S., Verhelst, W., & Lefeber, D. (2008) · Journal of Physical Agents (JoPha) · doi:10.14198/jopha.2008.2.2.02 · Cited by 88
“In this model two dimensions; valence and arousal are used to construct an emotion space, based on the circumplex model of affect defined by Russell [33], which has as well been implemented in the robot Eddie [35].”
MethodHuman emotions track changes in the acoustic environment
Ma, W., & Thompson, W. F. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1515087112 · Cited by 83
“In accordance with the circumplex model of emotion, we obtained ratings of the perceived difference in valence (negative to positive) and arousal (calm to energetic) for stimulus pairs that differed in just one of the three manipulated attributes (35, 36).”
MethodMencattini, A., Martinelli, E., Costantini, G., Todisco, M., Basile, B., Bozzali, M., & Natale, C. D. (2014) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2014.03.019 · Cited by 83
Inferring Mood Instability on Social Media by Leveraging Ecological Momentary Assessments
Saha, K., Chan, L., De Barbaro, K., Abowd, G. D., & De Choudhury, M. (2017) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3130960 · Cited by 77
“…, or frequent temporal changes of mood, in terms of its two dimensions, valence and arousal [63], is recognized to be critical in understanding causal pathways between mood and mental well-being, as well as in developing intervention capabilities that can bring timely help to those in need [63].”
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Basic emotions elicited by odors and pictures.
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Abramski, K., Citraro, S., Lombardi, L., Rossetti, G., & Stella, M. (2023) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc7030124 · Cited by 81
“This pattern was identified in two different approaches, one leveraging semantic frame analysis [26] and another using the circumplex model of affect [48], powered through psychological data.”
MethodSUST Bangla Emotional Speech Corpus (SUBESCO): An audio-only emotional speech corpus for Bangla
Sultana, S., Rahman, M. S., Selim, M. R., & Iqbal, M. Z. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250173 · Cited by 87
Autonomic reactions indicating positive affect during acoustic reward learning in domestic pigs
Zebunke, M., Langbein, J., Manteuffel, G., & Puppe, B. (2010) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.11.023 · Cited by 82
“Sensory input from a situation or stimulus is evaluated and leads to specific neurophysiological changes that are called ‘core affect’ (Russell & Barrett 1999; Posner et al. 2005; Carretié et al. 2009).”
BackgroundLow Rank Fusion based Transformers for Multimodal Sequences
Sahay, S., Okur, E., Kumar, S. H., & Nachman, L. (2020) · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.challengehml-1.4 · Cited by 93
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“Affective states, such as fear, anger, sadness, and joy, alter brain activity [23,24] and are associated with the neurophysiological interaction between cortical-based cognitive states and subcortical valence and arousal systems [15].”
BackgroundMethodSchiller, D., Yu, A. N. C., Alia‐Klein, N., Becker, S., Cromwell, H. C., Dolcos, F., Eslinger, P. J., Frewen, P., Kemp, A. H., Pace-Schott, E. F., et al. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105450 · Cited by 89
Magen, E., & Konasewich, P. A. (2011) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684311423912 · Cited by 83
Mehrotra, A., Hendley, R., & Musolesi, M. (2016) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2968219.2968299 · Cited by 77
“However, the authors of this work focus on predicting mood levels using the Circumplex mood model [21], which essentially aims at measuring two dimensions: the pleasure dimension (measuring how positive or negative one feels) and the activeness dimension (measuring how one is likely to take an action under the mood st…”
BackgroundColor, Music, and Emotion: Bach to the Blues
Whiteford, K. L., Schloss, K. B., Helwig, N. E., & Palmer, S. E. (2018) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/2041669518808535 · Cited by 86
Physiological-signal-based emotion recognition: An odyssey from methodology to philosophy
Li, W., Zhang, Z., & Song, A. (2020) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108747 · Cited by 79
Broomé, S., Feighelstein, M., Zamansky, A., Lencioni, G. C., Andersen, P. H., Pessanha, F., Mahmoud, M., Kjellström, H., & Salah, A. A. (2022) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-022-01716-3 · Cited by 93
“An alternative classification system is the dimensional approach, which classifies emotions according to different dimensions, usually implying valence and mostly also arousal (but some authors also describe additional dimensions) (Mendl & Paul, 2020; Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundA survey on mobile affective computing
Politou, E., Alepis, E., & Patsakis, C. (2017) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2017.07.002 · Cited by 80
Hyperdimensional Computing-based Multimodality Emotion Recognition with Physiological Signals
Chang, E.-J., Rahimi, A., Luca Benini, C., & Wu, A.-Y. A. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS) · doi:10.1109/aicas.2019.8771622 · Cited by 77
Intense Beauty Requires Intense Pleasure
Brielmann, A. A., & Pelli, D. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02420 · Cited by 81
Public risk perception and emotion on Twitter during the Covid-19 pandemic
Dyer, J., & Kolic, B. (2020) · Applied Network Science · doi:10.1007/s41109-020-00334-7 · Cited by 85
“[11] use the circumplex model of affect [12] and the NRC lexicon [13] to give a descriptive analysis of the public mood in Italy from a Twitter dataset collected during the week following the introduction of lockdown measures.”
MethodInvestigating the Role of Emotion in Science Center Visitor Learning
Falk, J. H., & Gillespie, K. L. (2009) · Visitor Studies · doi:10.1080/10645570903203414 · Cited by 77
“By contrast, James Russell's dimensional model emphasizes two major dimensions of emotion: valence and arousal ( Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005 ).”
BackgroundThe social brain automatically predicts others’ future mental states
Thornton, M. A., Weaverdyck, M. E., & Tamir, D. I. (2019) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1431-18.2018 · Cited by 76
“Theories of 710 this sort, such as the circumplex model of affect (Russell, 1980; Posner et al., 2005), have long 711 proven useful for making sense of their respective domains.”
BackgroundStsiampkouskaya, K., Joinson, A., Piwek, L., & Ahlbom, C.-P. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106940 · Cited by 89
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“In addition to this classical categorizing task, based on Ekman's idea of distinct emotions, we also included a dimensional evaluation task based on the model of Russell (Lang, 1979; Posner et al., 2005) by asking subjects to rate their self-perceived valence and arousal levels.”
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“These four emotions are widely accepted in modern psychology research [8].”
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Rego, A., Souto, S. D. O., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014767 · Cited by 74
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“We referred to Plutchik’s model of emotions [33] and Posner and Russel’s circumplex model of affect [34] to group emotions into clusters.”
MethodGroße, G., Streubel, B., Gunzenhauser, C., & Saalbach, H. (2021) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-021-00040-2 · Cited by 88
“…present findings and prior research might be due to the nature of our stimulus material which was not designed in order to cover all quadrants of the circumplex model (see also Posner et al., 2005), but was instead derived from the hierarchical model of the emotion lexicon by Fischer et al. (1990).”
ResultEkman, I., Chanel, G., Järvelä, S., Kivikangas, J. M., Salminen, M., & Ravaja, N. (2011) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878111422121 · Cited by 75
“The dimensional emotion theory (see, for example, Russell, 1980; Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005) provides a particularly suitable framework for interpreting measured signals and linking them to psychological processes.”
BackgroundYuvaraj, R., Thangavel, P., Thomas, J., Fogarty, J. S., & Ali, F. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23020915 · Cited by 73
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“These images were taken from the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS: [30]), an open-source online repository of color images with accompanying normative ratings of emotional valence and arousal, the two key components included in the emotional circumplex model of affective response [44].”
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“proposed a valence–arousal model consisting of valence, representing emotion positiveness, and arousal, representing emotional strength [12].”
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“Facial display of happiness was excluded from this analysis because the arousal value of happy stimulus can vary in a wide range (Posner et al., 2005).”
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“About the emotional aspect is concerned, during the COVID-19 lockdown, it was to be expected that both teachers and students would feel many emotions, particularly ‘negative’ emotions stemming from threatening events and those in which losses occur (Posner, Russell, and Peterson 2005).”
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"Let's Get Physiological, Physiological!"
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“We chose these states to represent each quadrant of the valence-arousal model of emotion [53].”
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“6 Dimensions model of emotions (Posner et al., 2005) Neurophysiological instruments like fMRI and EEG have been extensively utilized in advertising research by various researchers research (Banos-González et al., 2020; Bos-colo et al., 2020; Crespo-Pereira et al., 2017; Eijlers et al., 2020;…”
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“449] but a main effect of age [F(1, 46) = 32.”
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Frey, J., Mühl, C., Lotte, F., & Hachet, M. (2014) · International Conference on Physiological Computing Systems (PhyCS) · doi:10.5220/0004708102140223 · Cited by 76
“Children hardly make distinction between different arousal levels (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundCoregulation of therapist and client emotion during psychotherapy
Soma, C. S., Baucom, B., Xiao, B., Butner, J., Hilpert, P., Narayanan, S. S., Atkins, D. C., & Imel, Z. E. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1661541 · Cited by 81
“Though emotional experience has been demonstrated to be two dimensional – including both arousal and valence – (Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005), we measured arousal due to the nature and quality of the data.”
BackgroundRossi, S., Larafa, M., & Ruocco, M. (2020) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-019-00616-w · Cited by 69
“The circumplex model of affect is used to map emotions onto a valence-arousal space [27].”
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Kim, T.-Y., Ko, H., Kim, S.-H., & Kim, H.-D. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21061997 · Cited by 69
“The Russell model is an adjective-based model that has a disadvantage in that it uses overlapping meanings and ambiguous adjectival expressions [19].”
BackgroundMethodSaffaryazdi, N., Wasim, S. T., Dileep, K., Nia, A. F., Nanayakkara, S., Broadbent, E., & Billinghurst, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.864047 · Cited by 69
“The most common dimensional model used in the literature is Russel’s Circumplex Model (Posner et al., 2005), which only uses valence and arousal for representing emotions, where valence represents a range of negative to positive emotions.”
MethodCohn, C., Snyder, C., Fonteles, J. H., Ashwin, T. S., Montenegro, J., & Biswas, G. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13518 · Cited by 81
Interoceptive Mechanisms and Emotional Processing
Greenwood, B. M., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2024) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020924-125202 · Cited by 87
Neural Processing of Emotional Musical and Nonmusical Stimuli in Depression
Lepping, R. J., Atchley, R. A., Chrysikou, E. G., Martin, L. E., Clair, A. A., Ingram, R. E., Simmons, W. K., & Savage, C. R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156859 · Cited by 67
Nita, S., Bitam, S., Heidet, M., & Mellouk, A. (2022) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103580 · Cited by 69
Emotion regulation: exploring the impact of stress and sex
Jentsch, V. L., Het, S., & Wolf, O. T. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00397 · Cited by 78
Current Emotion Research in Psychophysiology: The Neurobiology of Evaluative Bivalence
Norman, G. J., Norris, C. J., Gollan, J. K., Ito, T. A., Hawkley, L. C., Larsen, J. T., Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073911402403 · Cited by 72
Griffith, J. M., Clark, H. M., Haraden, D. A., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01425-z · Cited by 81
Brown, C. L., Chen, K., Wells, J. L., Otero, M. C., Connelly, D. E., LEVENSON, R. W., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000939 · Cited by 77
Game Sound Technology and Player Interaction
Grimshaw, M. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61692-828-5 · Cited by 112
Lost by definition: Why boredom matters for psychology and society
Westgate, E. C., & Steidle, B. (2020) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12562 · Cited by 70
Wearables measuring electrodermal activity to assess perceived stress in care: a scoping review
Klimek, A., Mannheim, I., Schouten, G., Wouters, E., & Peeters, M. W. H. (2023) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2023.19 · Cited by 74
“In this study, we considered perceived stress as an affective (i.e. emotional) state with a negative valence (Posner et al ., 2005; Du et al ., 2018).”
Bilotti, U., Bisogni, C., Marsico, M. D., & Tramonte, S. (2023) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2023.107708 · Cited by 68
Emotional Arousal Predicts Voting on the U.S. Supreme Court
Dietrich, B. J., Enos, R. D., & Sen, M. (2018) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1017/pan.2018.47 · Cited by 66
Oscillations of Heart Rate and Respiration Synchronize During Affective Visual Stimulation
Valenza, G., Lanatà, A., & Scilingo, E. P. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine · doi:10.1109/titb.2012.2197632 · Cited by 66
“Concerning the characterization of the affective stimulus, we adopted a common dimensional model which uses multiple dimensions to categorize the affective states, i.e., the circumplex model of affects (CMA) [32].”
MethodModeling cognitive load and physiological arousal through pupil diameter and heart rate
Jerčić, P., Sennersten, C. C., & Lindley, C. A. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6518-z · Cited by 64
“Russell’s model [34] classifies emotions through valence and arousal, their independent components.”
BackgroundA novel EDA glove based on textile-integrated electrodes for affective computing
Lanatà, A., Valenza, G., & Scilingo, E. P. (2012) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-012-0921-9 · Cited by 64
Minhad, K. N., Ali, S. H. M., & Reaz, M. B. I. (2017) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2017.11.001 · Cited by 64
“Two of the most contradicting emotions defined in the circumplex model of Russell (Posner et al., 2005) were investigated: happy from high positive valence-arousal and anger from high negative valence-arousal.”
BackgroundFida, R., Tramontano, C., Paciello, M., Guglielmetti, C., Gilardi, S., Probst, T. M., & Barbaranelli, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00671 · Cited by 70
“, Spector and Fox, 2005) differently from anger and fear, it is characterized by lower levels of arousal (Russell, 1980; Posner et al., 2005) and it should be mostly associated with health-related rather than aggressive outcomes (Eisenberg et al.”
BackgroundKaklauskas, A., Abraham, A., Ubartė, I., Klıukas, R., Luksaite, V., Binkytė-Vėlienė, A., Vetloviene, I., & Kaklauskiene, L. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22207824 · Cited by 77
On the replication of factor structures of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
Seib‐Pfeifer, L., Pugnaghi, G., Beauducel, A., & Leue, A. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.053 · Cited by 68
Hassanien, A. E., Kilany, M., Houssein, E. H., & Al-Qaheri, H. (2018) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2018.05.039 · Cited by 63
The Neural Mechanism Underlying Cognitive and Emotional Processes in Creativity
Gu, S., Gao, M., Yan, Y., Wang, F., Tang, Y., & Huang, J. H. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01924 · Cited by 73
“The horizontal dimension of the circumplex is the core affect hedonic value and the vertical dimension is arousal value (Figure 1; Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundPredicting Emotional Responses to Long Informal Text
Paltoglou, G., Theunis, M., Kappas, A., & Thelwall, M. A. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/t-affc.2012.26 · Cited by 61
“As Calvo and D’Mello [4] emphasized, the dimensions of emotional valence and arousal might represent a better framework for affective computing research, for practical (e.g., high inter-rater agreement, see the next section) as well as scientific considerations (see, e.g., [18], [19]).”
Background#lockdown: Network-Enhanced Emotional Profiling in the Time of COVID-19
Stella, M., Restocchi, V., & Deyne, S. D. (2020) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc4020014 · Cited by 63
Fang, F. Z., Potter, T. B. H., Nguyen, T. P., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065720500513 · Cited by 60
Cho, J., & Hwang, H. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20123491 · Cited by 66
“In many studies conducted on emotion classification based on an EEG signal, a 2D arousal-valence emotion description model [38,39] is used to represent different emotions in a 2D plane, as depicted in Figure 2.”
BackgroundOn the Evolution and Optimality of Mood States
Trimmer, P. C., Paul, E. S., Mendl, M., McNamara, J. M., & Houston, A. I. (2013) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs3030501 · Cited by 61
“A two-dimensional representation of emotional state, governed by valence and arousal (see [11]).”
BackgroundComputational Approaches to Modeling Artificial Emotion – An Overview of the Proposed Solutions
Kowalczuk, Z., & Czubenko, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2016.00021 · Cited by 62
“There are also dimensional models of emotions in psychology (Russell, 1980; Posner et al., 2005; Lövheim, 2012), which use a parameter referred to as an emotional intensity, known also as stimulation, energy, or degree of activation.”
BackgroundLi, Z., Qiu, L., Li, R., He, Z., Xiao, J., Liang, Y., Wang, F., & Pan, J. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20113028 · Cited by 63
“In the study of emotion recognition, two emotional dimensions of Russell’s Valence-Arousal emotion model are usually used for emotion evaluation [2].”
MethodFilippini, C., Spadolini, E., Cardone, D., Bianchi, D., Preziuso, M., Sciarretta, C., del Cimmuto, V., Lisciani, D., & Merla, A. (2020) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-020-00661-w · Cited by 61
“This model was based on the widely used “Circumplex Model of Affect” [41], which has valence and arousal indices as dependent variables.”
MethodMinimum spanning tree based graph neural network for emotion classification using EEG
Liu, H., Zhang, J., Liu, Q., & Cao, J. (2021) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2021.10.023 · Cited by 65
Diurnal alpha amylase patterns in adolescents: Associations with puberty and momentary mood states
Adam, E. K., Hoyt, L. T., & Granger, D. A. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.07.007 · Cited by 65
Metadata
- Authors
- POSNER, J., RUSSELL, J. A., & PETERSON, B. S.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Boston College (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 715-734
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2367156
- OpenAlex
- W2165857685
- Cited by
- 2,602
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 226 · 2023: 213 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 170 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 174 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH‐K02‐74677, MH 36197, R01MH036197, MH59139, R01MH059139, MH-01232, R01MH068318, MH 068318, K08MH001232)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017820)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- circumplex model of affect, basic emotions, affective neuroscience, cognitive development, mood disorders, neural systems, emotion theory
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Arousal, Mental Disorders, Brain, Cognition, Facial Expression, Humans, Nerve Net, Neurosciences, Psychological Theory, Temperament, Visual Perception
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