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The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
The circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations that are the product of two independent neurophysiological systems. This model stands in contrast to theories of basic emotions, which posit that a discrete and independent neural system subserves every emotion. We propose that basic emotion theories no longer explain adequately the vast number of empirical observations from studies in affective neuroscience, and we suggest that a conceptual shift is needed in the empirical approaches taken to the study of emotion and affective psychopathologies. The circumplex model of affect is more consistent with many recent findings from behavioral, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and developmental studies of affect. Moreover, the model offers new theoretical and empirical approaches to studying the development of affective disorders as well as the genetic and cognitive underpinnings of affective processing within the central nervous system. This work was supported in part by NIMH Grants MH01232, MH59139, MH36197, MHK02-74677, and MH068318; a grant from the National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD); NSF Grant BSC-0421702; and funding from the Thomas D. Klingenstein and Nancy D. Perlman Family Fund and the Suzanne Crosby Murphy Endowment at Columbia University.
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“These opposite effects on ISC fit with the proposed distinction between valence and arousal representations in the brain (31,32) and they also highlight the neurobehavioral functions that emotional arousal and valence may have in human social interaction.”
From Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
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“neuroimaging, behavioral research and developmental studies (Posner et al. 2005).”
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“This representation of affect typically consists of continuous valence (the positiveness/ negativity of the emotion) and arousal dimensions (the strength of the activation of the emotion), as well as an optional third focus dimension (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundWang, X., Wang, L., & Xie, L. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12125787 · Cited by 13
Horvat, M., Jović, A., & Burnik, K. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12157864 · Cited by 13
The role of emotion in higher education: exploring global citizenship education
O’Toole, V. M., & O’Flaherty, J. (2022) · Irish Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03323315.2022.2135565 · Cited by 18
“Core a ff ect acknowledges the awareness of a certain level of activation, perceived as pleasant (positive) or unpleasant (negative) (Posner, Russell, and Peterson 2005).”
The representation of emotional experience from imagined scenarios.
Faul, L., Baumann, M. G., & LaBar, K. S. (2022) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001192 · Cited by 14
Empathic Accuracy and Shared Depressive Symptoms in Close Relationships
Brown, C. L., Grimm, K. J., Wells, J. L., Hua, A. Y., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221141852 · Cited by 22
Wolff, W., Radtke, V. C., & Martarelli, C. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003271536-3 · Cited by 30
Drawing as a window to emotion with insights from tech-transformed participant images
Weng, H., Huang, L.-Y., Imcha, L., Huang, P., Yang, C., Lin, C., & Li, P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60532-6 · Cited by 13
Boyatzis, R. E. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780197765142.001.0001 · Cited by 15
Jakubowski, K., Margulis, E. H., & Taruffi, L. (2024) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1525/mp.2024.42.1.3 · Cited by 13
Zhao, M., Crossley, T., & Shinohara, H. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102550 · Cited by 13
Responsiveness and the Autonomic Control–CNS Two-Way Interaction in Disorders of Consciousness
Riganello, F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21425-2_11 · Cited by 13
Influencing Player Emotions Using Colors
Joosten, E. R. M., van Lankveld, G., & Spronck, P. H. M. (2012) · Research portal (Tilburg University) · Cited by 13
Assessing Affective Dimensions of Play in Psychodynamic Child Psychotherapy via Text Analysis
Halfon, S., Oktay, E. A., & Salah, A. A. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46843-3_2 · Cited by 13
“Valence describes the extent of pleasure (positive) and sadness (negative), and arousal (or activation) describes the extent of calmness and excitation [49, 55].”
Investigating User Emotional Responses to Eco-Feedback Designs
Bao, Q., Hughes, A. M., Burnell, E., & Yang, M. C. (2018) · ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (IDETC/CIE) · doi:10.1115/detc2018-86208 · Cited by 13
Cano, C. F., & Roudaut, A. (2019) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.07.006 · Cited by 14
Readiness to Perform Aerobic Activity in Adults With Obesity: A Thematic Analysis of Online Surveys
Strohacker, K. A., Zakrajsek, R. A., Schaltegger, E. T., & Springer, C. M. (2019) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2019.1642439 · Cited by 14
Polish adaptation of the Geneva Emotional Music Scale: Factor structure and reliability
Chełkowska-Zacharewicz, M., & Janowski, M. (2020) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735620927474 · Cited by 13
Neural correlates of subjective arousal and valence in health and panic disorder
Wade-Bohleber, L., Thoma, R. J., & Gerber, A. J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111186 · Cited by 14
“1) (Posner et al., 2005; Russell, 1980).”
Decoding Emotions in Text Using GloVe Embeddings
Gupta, P., Roy, I., Batra, G., & Dubey, A. K. (2021) · International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS) · doi:10.1109/icccis51004.2021.9397132 · Cited by 13
“Rusell’s Circumplex Model of Affect [10] considers emotions to be “distributed in a two-dimensional circular space” [9, Sec 2] between valence (pleasant vs unpleasant) and arousal (activation vs deactivation states) dimensions [3], as illustrated in Figure 1.”
BackgroundSavery, R. J., Zahray, L., & Weinberg, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.662355 · Cited by 13
“Other efforts have used a Biaxial LSTM network (Zhao et al., 2019), generating symbolic polyphonic musical phrases corresponding to Russel ’ s valence-arousal emotion space (Posner et al., 2005).”
MethodNarratives of Dreams and Waking Thoughts: Emotional Processing in Relation to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Mariani, R., Gennaro, A., Monaco, S., Trani, M. D., & Salvatore, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745081 · Cited by 17
Lahoz-Beltrá, R., & López, C. C. (2021) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers10120170 · Cited by 15
St‐Amour, S., Cailhol, L., Ruocco, A. C., & Bernard, P. (2022) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.7495 · Cited by 16
“An experimental procedure was implemented to induce a state of negative affect, which is a common approach in affective science research (Barrett et al., 2007; Barrett & Bliss‐Moreau, 2009; Kuppens et al., 2013; Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodLiu, T., Giorgi, S., Yadeta, K., Schwartz, H. A., Ungar, L., & Curtis, B. L. (2022) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2022.2091450 · Cited by 15
“The affective ratings of each Facebook status consist of ratings on valence and arousal dimensions, following the circumplex model of affect (72,73), estimated by the model from PreotiucPietro et al (74).”
MethodA computational account of why more valuable goals seem to require more effortful actions
Bioud, E., Tasu, C., & Pessiglione, M. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.61712 · Cited by 11
“In the psychology literature, affective states are classically parametrized in a twodimensional space: arousal by valence (Posner et al., 2005; Russell, 1980).”
BackgroundArshi, T., Ambrin, A., Rao, T. V., Morandé, S., & Gul, K. (2022) · The Journal of Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/09713557221136273 · Cited by 13
“Chester (2017) and Posner et al. (2005), citing the Excitation Transfer Theory (Zillmann et al., 1972), argued that varying levels of arousal characterize positive social aggression, which can trigger persuasion decisions.”
BackgroundThe exercise intensity–music-tempo preference relationship: A decennial revisit
Jones, L., Karageorghis, C. I., Ker, T., Rushton, C., Stephenson, S. R., & Wheeldon, I. L. (2024) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102644 · Cited by 15
Decoding episodic autobiographical memory in naturalistic virtual reality
Lenormand, D., Mentec, I., Gaston-Bellegarde, A., Orriols, E., & Piolino, P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76944-3 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- POSNER, J., RUSSELL, J. A., & PETERSON, B. S.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Boston College (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 715-734
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2367156
- OpenAlex
- W2165857685
- Cited by
- 2,602
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 226 · 2023: 213 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 170 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 174 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH‐K02‐74677, MH 36197, R01MH036197, MH59139, R01MH059139, MH-01232, R01MH068318, MH 068318, K08MH001232)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017820)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- circumplex model of affect, basic emotions, affective neuroscience, cognitive development, mood disorders, neural systems, emotion theory
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Arousal, Mental Disorders, Brain, Cognition, Facial Expression, Humans, Nerve Net, Neurosciences, Psychological Theory, Temperament, Visual Perception
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