The DOI matches its Crossref record; 149 of the 149 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
The circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations that are the product of two independent neurophysiological systems. This model stands in contrast to theories of basic emotions, which posit that a discrete and independent neural system subserves every emotion. We propose that basic emotion theories no longer explain adequately the vast number of empirical observations from studies in affective neuroscience, and we suggest that a conceptual shift is needed in the empirical approaches taken to the study of emotion and affective psychopathologies. The circumplex model of affect is more consistent with many recent findings from behavioral, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and developmental studies of affect. Moreover, the model offers new theoretical and empirical approaches to studying the development of affective disorders as well as the genetic and cognitive underpinnings of affective processing within the central nervous system. This work was supported in part by NIMH Grants MH01232, MH59139, MH36197, MHK02-74677, and MH068318; a grant from the National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD); NSF Grant BSC-0421702; and funding from the Thomas D. Klingenstein and Nancy D. Perlman Family Fund and the Suzanne Crosby Murphy Endowment at Columbia University.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These opposite effects on ISC fit with the proposed distinction between valence and arousal representations in the brain (31,32) and they also highlight the neurobehavioral functions that emotional arousal and valence may have in human social interaction.”
From Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Russell, J. A. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077714 · Cited by 16,334
Self-citationJournal of Clinical Psychiatry
(2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd · Cited by 13,703
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691
An argument for basic emotions
Ekman, P. (1992) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 · Cited by 9,646
Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion.
Russell, J. A. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.145 · Cited by 6,113
Self-citationThe American Journal of Human Genetics
S., J. (1950) · Population · doi:10.2307/1523704 · Cited by 5,124
Handbook of Affective Sciences
(2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195126013.001.0001 · Cited by 5,113
(2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396 · Cited by 4,482
Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG
Moruzzi, G., & Magoun, H. W. (1949) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(49)90219-9 · Cited by 4,307
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Saarni, C. (1999).Development of emotional competence.New York:Guilford Press.
- Fridja, N. H. (1986).The emotions.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
- Harris, P. L. (2000).Understanding emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland–Jones (Eds.),Handbook of emotion.New York:Guilford Press.
- Panksepp, J. (1998).Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animalemotions.New York:Oxford University Press. · DOI · Paper page
- Babinski, J. (1914).Contribution a l'etude des troubles mentaux dansl'hemisplegic organique cerebrale (anosognosie).Review of Neurology 27,845–848.
- Tomkins, S. S. (1962, 1963).Affect, imagery, consciousness(Vols. I & II).New York:Springer.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,005
Hevel, D. J., Drollette, E. S., Dunton, G. F., & Maher, J. P. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab036 · Cited by 20
Joshanloo, M. (2021) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-021-02723-6 · Cited by 18
Emery, N. N., Carpenter, R. W., Meisel, S. N., & Miranda, R. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05925-5 · Cited by 18
Exploring Emotions as a New Quality Parameter in Wine
Pedroza, M. A., & Herrell, R. (2022) · Wine Business Journal · doi:10.26813/001c.31663 · Cited by 18
“Therefore, this approach can be used as a starting point when studying emo- tions in foods and beverages (Jaeger, Spinelli, et al., 2018), in the same way that other disciplines have done (Posner et al., 2005).”
Value added? A pragmatic analysis of the routine use of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales in primary care
Newman, M. W. (2022) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.09.005 · Cited by 20
Ye, C., Xu, Q., Li, X., Vuoriainen, E., Liu, Q., & Astikainen, P. (2023) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.23.1.10 · Cited by 15
“Threatening stimuli are also more arousing than non-threatening stimuli (Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005).”
The Hedonic and Arousal Affect Scale (HAAS): A brief adjective checklist to assess affect states
Roca, P., Vázquez, C., & Ondé, D. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112151 · Cited by 19
Improving Emotion Recognition Systems by Exploiting the Spatial Information of EEG Sensors
Gagliardi, G., Alfeo, A. L., Catrambone, V., Candia‐Rivera, D., Cimino, M. G. C. A., & Valenza, G. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3268233 · Cited by 19
“Emotions can be identified as discrete regions in a multidimensional space, whose main dimensions according to the circumplex model of affect [3], [4] are valence (positive to negative feelings) and arousal (sleepy to excited), or as a series of discrete basic emotions such as the Ekman model [5],…”
BackgroundMethodCreating Emordle: Animating Word Cloud for Emotion Expression
Xie, L., Shu, X., Su, J. C., Wang, Y., Chen, S., & Qu, H. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3286392 · Cited by 25
HICEM: A High-Coverage Emotion Model for Artificial Emotional Intelligence
Wortman, B., & Wang, J. Z. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2023.3324902 · Cited by 24
“Similar to Panksepp’s mapping of discrete emotions, there has also been a considerable amount of work mapping valence and arousal to processes in the human brain [37], [38], [39], [40].”
BackgroundMueller, I., Pruessner, L., Holt, D. V., Zimmermann, V., Schulze, K., Strakosch, A.-M., & Barnow, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.037 · Cited by 20
Polo, E. M., Farabbi, A., Mollura, M., Mainardi, L. T., & Barbieri, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1286621 · Cited by 18
The role of conventional meat unnaturalness in cultured meat acceptance: A test of holistic mindset
Arango, L., Septianto, F., & Pontes, N. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107656 · Cited by 18
“This aligns with the broader framework of affective theories, such as the circumplex model of affect (Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005; Russell, 1980; Russell, Lewicka, & Niit, 1989), which suggests that emotions can be distinguished along dimensions like valence and arousal/intensity.”
BackgroundMethodEmotional food craving across the eating disorder spectrum: an ecological momentary assessment study
Arend, A., Blechert, J., Yanagida, T., Voderholzer, U., & Reichenberger, J. (2024) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-024-01690-4 · Cited by 20
Smit, A. C., Helmich, M. A., Bringmann, L. F., Oldehinkel, A. J., Wichers, M., & Snippe, E. (2025) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026241305136 · Cited by 18
“The EMA questionnaires included 10 momentary-affect items based on the affect circumplex (Posner et al., 2005; Yik et al., 1999), which were answered on a visual analog scale from not at all to very much .”
Fuentes, C., Hernández, C. G. L., Escobedo, L., Herskovic, V., & Tentori, M. E. (2014) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2014.927279 · Cited by 19
“To represent emotions we use emoticons and colors based on the circumflex emotions model (Posner et al., 2005).”
MethodLanatà, A., Guidi, A., Greco, A., Valenza, G., Francesco, F. D., & Scilingo, E. P. (2016) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7591732 · Cited by 18
“a graphical assessment of two dimensions of the Circumplex Model of Affect (CMA) [26].”
MethodHaas, P., Schmid, J., Stadler, G., Reuter, M., & Gawrilow, C. (2017) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2017.1291943 · Cited by 22
Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Affective Processing and Expression
Russell, J. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801851-4.00004-5 · Cited by 18
Self-citationEffect of emotions on temporal attention
Mishra, M., Ray, S. B., & Srinivasan, N. (2017) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.08.014 · Cited by 18
Bekalu, M. A., Ramanadhan, S., Bigman, C. A., Nagler, R. H., & Viswanath, K. (2018) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2018.1434733 · Cited by 18
Chen, C.-L., & Zhang, H. (2018) · Architectural Engineering and Design Management · doi:10.1080/17452007.2018.1457942 · Cited by 18
Review of the Use of Electroencephalography as an Evaluation Method for Human-Computer Interaction
Frey, J., Mühl, C., Lotte, F., & Hachet, M. (2013) · elib (German Aerospace Center) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1311.2222 · Cited by 18
“Children hardly make distinction between different arousal levels (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundHow emotions affect judgement and decision making in an interrogation scenario
Sambrano, D. C., Masip, J., & Blandón‐Gitlin, I. (2020) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12181 · Cited by 24
Evaluating User’s Emotional Experience in HCI: The PhysiOBS Approach
Liapis, A., Καρούσος, Ν., Katsanos, C., & Xenos, M. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07230-2_72 · Cited by 19
“By contrast, in the approach proposed in [29], emotions can be characterized using two dimensions: Valence and Arousal.”
BackgroundMethodKätsyri, J., Ravaja, N., & Salminen, M. (2011) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2011.08.007 · Cited by 18
A multi-componential methodology for exploring emotions in learning
Eteläpelto, A., Kykyri, V., Penttonen, M., Hökkä, P. K., Paloniemi, S., Vähäsantanen, K., Eteläpelto, T., & Lappalainen, V. (2018) · Frontline Learning Research · doi:10.14786/flr.v6i3.379 · Cited by 18
Towards Multimodal Emotion Recognition in German Speech Events in Cars using Transfer LearningPreprint
Cevher, D., Zepf, S., & Klinger, R. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.02764 · Cited by 18
“…interactions and asked to give discrete (annoyance, insecurity, joy, relaxation, boredom, none, following (Dittrich and Zepf, 2019)) was well as dimensional (valence, arousal, dominance (Posner et al., 2005) on a 11- point scale) emotion ratings for the interactions and the according situations.”
BackgroundKim, S., & Kwon, J.-H. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10045-8 · Cited by 17
“The present study applied specific emotions according to the circumplex model of affects (Posner et al. 2005; Russell 1980) and found that low arousal negative emotions are more associated with alcohol craving.”
MethodLaRowe, L. R., Bohlen, L. C., & Williams, D. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1301428 · Cited by 17
Polo, E. M., Iacomi, F., Rey, A. V., Ferraris, D., Paglialonga, A., & Barbieri, R. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110310 · Cited by 18
Mioni, G., Grondin, S., Meligrana, L., Perini, F., Bartolomei, L., & Stablum, F. (2017) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2017.1324021 · Cited by 17
“Please see Posner, Russellc, and Peterson (2005) and Russell and Bullock (1985) for a different approach on facial emotional recognition.”
BackgroundThe Role of User Emotions for Content Personalization in e-Commerce: Literature Review
Bielozorov, A., Bezbradica, M., & Helfert, M. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22335-9_12 · Cited by 17
Dawood, S., Hallquist, M. N., Pincus, A. L., Ram, N., Newman, M. G., Wilson, S. J., & Levy, K. N. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09766-7 · Cited by 17
Bohn-Gettler, C. M., & McCrudden, M. T. (2021) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2021.1918965 · Cited by 17
“Examining specific emotions could help to disentangle the effects of valence (whether an emotion is pleasant versus unpleasant) versus activation (the energy level associated with the emotion; Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThe interpersonal effects of distinct emotions in online reviews
Lelieveld, G., & Hendriks, H. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.1947199 · Cited by 20
Affective Benefits of Parental Engagement with Adolescent Positive Daily Life Experiences
Griffith, J. M., & Hankin, B. L. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01484-2 · Cited by 25
Humor and Personality: Temperament and Character Have Different Roles
Moreira, P., Inman, R. A., & Cloninger, C. R. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211066369 · Cited by 17
“As described in models of affect (Posner et al., 2005; Russell, 2003), such states mobilize complex neurophysiological mechanisms and circuitries in interactions that stimulate and mobilize basic processes (attention, perception, reasoning) as features of complex information processing (Phelps,…”
BackgroundJin, Z., Wang, J., & Liu, X. (2022) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f13122001 · Cited by 19
“This model, developed in psychology and now used in neuroscience [62], can be used to understand human affective responses.”
MethodGarg, D., Verma, G. K., & Singh, A. K. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-14354-9 · Cited by 17
“The internal emotions of a person might become evident through emotional encounters (how the individual feels), physiological signals (inner expressions), and audio-visual signals (external expressions) [47].”
RetractedStochastic weight averaging enhanced temporal convolution network for EEG-based emotion recognition
Yang, L., Wang, Y., Yang, X., & Chen, Z. (2023) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2023.104661 · Cited by 17
Kaplan, H., Weichselbraun, A., & Brașoveanu, A. (2023) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-023-10129-4 · Cited by 18
“Many affective classification models have been introduced in the past three decades: Ekman [14], Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions [15], the Circumplex Model of Affect [16], the Hourglass of Emotions [17], and its revised version [18].”
Emotional tones of voice affect the acoustics and perception of Mandarin tones
Chang, H.-S., Lee, C., Wang, X., Young, S.-T., Li, C., & Chu, W. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283635 · Cited by 20
Phytoremediation as an urban paradigm in promoting the health-potential of small green areas.
Podhajska, E., Drzeniecka-Osiadacz, A., Halarewicz, A., GRECH, D. K., Podhajski, B., Zienowicz, M., Bąbelewski, P., & Liszewski, M. (2023) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2023.104684 · Cited by 23
Migovich, M., Adiani, D., Breen, M., Swanson, A. R., Vogus, T. J., & Sarkar, N. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3639709 · Cited by 18
“The personalized models were able to detect stress with 62% precision [Shi et al. 2010 Marín-Morales et al. 2018 ; Posner et al. 2005 ].”
BackgroundMethodVEATIC: Video-based Emotion and Affect Tracking in Context Dataset
Ren, Z., Ortega, J., Wang, Y., Chen, Z., Guo, Y., Yu, S. X., & Whitney, D. C. (2024) · IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/wacv57701.2024.00441 · Cited by 21
“Alternatively, the circumplex model of affect, a continuous model of emotion, proposes that all affective states arise from two neurophysiological systems related to valence and arousal and all emotions can be described by a linear combination of these two dimensions [52, 47, 53].”
BackgroundNeurobiological Formulations: Integrating Clinical and Biological Psychiatry
Posner, J. E., Stewart, J. W., & Rieder, R. (2007) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ap.31.6.479 · Cited by 17
Self-citationExpressed music mood classification compared with valence and arousal ratings
Brinker, A. C. D., van Dinther, R., & Skowronek, J. (2012) · EURASIP Journal on Audio Speech and Music Processing · doi:10.1186/1687-4722-2012-24 · Cited by 17
Enhancing Emotional Facial Expressiveness on NAO
Beir, A. D., Cao, H.-L., Esteban, P. G., de Perre, G. V., Lefeber, D., & Vanderborght, B. (2016) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-016-0363-x · Cited by 17
“A number of social robots use valence-arousal emotional space based on the circumplex model of affect defined by Russell [15,17] to select emotions e.g. [11,18].”
Application of multiscale entropy on EEG signals for emotion detection
Michalopoulos, K., & Bourbakis, N. (2017) · IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI ...) · doi:10.1109/bhi.2017.7897275 · Cited by 17
Perceived Exertion and Affect From Tai Chi, Yoga, and Stretching Classes for Elderly Women
Follador, L., Alves, R. C., Ferreira, S. D. S., Silva, A. C., & da Silva, S. G. (2019) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512518823661 · Cited by 19
“For example, fear is conceptualized as a neurophysiological state typically involving the combination of negative valence and heightened arousal in the central nervous system (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfrasound for HRI: A Robot Using Low-Frequency Vibrations to Impact How People Perceive its Actions
Thiessen, R., Rea, D. J., Garcha, D. S., Cheng, C., & Young, J. E. (2019) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri.2019.8673172 · Cited by 17
“This model defines an affective state in two dimensions, valence and arousal: valence is how negative or positive an emotion is, and arousal represents the intensity of the emotion [44].”
BackgroundPositive social feedback alters emotional ratings and reward valuation of neutral faces
Young, K. S., Hasratian, A. M., Parsons, C. E., Zinbarg, R. E., Nusslock, R., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Craske, M. G. (2019) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021819890289 · Cited by 18
“As the current dominant model of emotion encompasses both valence and arousal, emotional responses can be more comprehensively assessed by including ratings of both of these dimensions (Posner et al., 2005).”
Neural patterns during anticipation predict emotion regulation success for reappraisal
Schubert, E., Agathos, J. A., Brydevall, M., Feuerriegel, D., Koval, P., Morawetz, C., & Bode, S. (2020) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00808-2 · Cited by 18
“One possible explanation is that distraction is less cognitively demanding than reappraisal (Richards & Gross, 2006; Shafir, Thiruchselvam, Suri, Gross, & Sheppes, 2016; Strauss et al., 2016), meaning that regulators might not rely on engaging in mental preparation in the first-second postcue.”
BackgroundInfluentialTikadar, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2020.1861762 · Cited by 17
“We have chosen the Circumplex model of affective states (Posner et al., 2005; Russell, 1980).”
MethodNiedermeier, M., Ledochowski, L., Leitner, H., Zingerle, H., & Kopp, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041524 · Cited by 17
“Previous research has supported the Circumplex Model of affect in clinical samples [25,26].”
ResultExploring the relationship between emotion and cognitive load types during patient handovers
Young, J. Q., Thakker, K., John, M., Friedman, K. A., Sugarman, R., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., Sewell, J. L., & O’Sullivan, P. (2021) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-021-10053-y · Cited by 22
“The circumplex model maps emotion onto two vectors: valence (experienced as unpleasant or pleasant) and arousal (experienced as deactivation and activation) (Feldman Barrett & Russell, 1998; LeBlanc et al., 2015; Posner et al., 2005; Russell, 2003).”
BackgroundLaybourn, S., Frenzel, A. C., Constant, M., & Liesefeld, H. R. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001147 · Cited by 17
Theory of constructed emotion meets RE: An industrial case study
Iqbal, T., Marshall, J. G., Taveter, K., & Schmidt, A. (2022) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2022.111544 · Cited by 19
Seasonal variation in self-reported arousal and subjective health complaints
Persson, R., Österberg, K., Garde, A. H., Hansen, Å. M., Ørbæk, P., & Karlson, B. (2010) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2010.482140 · Cited by 17
“Accordingly, the stress and energy dimensions should form two diagonals in the space defined by the orthogonal axes pleasantness and arousal, complying with the circumplex model of affect (Posner, Russell & Peterson, 2005 ; Russell, 1980 ).”
MethodI-CLIPS Brain: A Hybrid Cognitive System for Social Robots
Mazzei, D., Cominelli, L., Lazzeri, N., Zaraki, A., & Rossi, D. D. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09435-9_19 · Cited by 17
“This service receives an ECS (Emotional Circumplex Space) point (v,a) expressed in terms of valence and arousal according to the Russel’s theory called “Circumplex Model of Affects” [19, 17] and calculates the corresponding facial”
MethodOn the Role of Affective Properties in Hedonic and Discriminant Haptic Systems
Bianchi, M., Valenza, G., Lanatà, A., Greco, A., Nardelli, M., Bicchi, A., & Scilingo, E. P. (2016) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-016-0371-x · Cited by 17
“Specifically,wechoosetoexpressemotions through a simplified version of the so-called Circumplex Model of Affect (CMA) [20].”
BackgroundPhysiological signals anticipatory computing for individual emotional state and creativity thinking
Lai, C., Lai, Y.-H., Hwang, R., & Huang, T. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.015 · Cited by 17
Dinger, U., Fuchs, M., Köhling, J., Schauenburg, H., & Ehrenthal, J. C. (2019) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_420 · Cited by 18
Investigating User Emotional Responses to Eco-Feedback Designs
Bao, Q., Burnell, E., Hughes, A. M., & Yang, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Mechanical Design · doi:10.1115/1.4042007 · Cited by 18
Brainerd, C. J., Chang, M., Bialer, D. M., & Toglia, M. P. (2021) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2021.104286 · Cited by 19
Dynamic brain connectivity predicts emotional arousal during naturalistic movie-watching
Ke, J., Song, H., Bai, Z., Rosenberg, M. D., & Leong, Y. C. (2025) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012994 · Cited by 24
“The concept of valence and arousal as core components of affect has significantly influenced research and theories in emotion [18–20].”
Emotion recognition via affective EEG signals: State of the art
Meng, W., Hou, F., Zhao, M., Kong, J., Wu, J., Zuo, J., & Liu, Q. (2025) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2025.130418 · Cited by 16
Applications Of Support Vector Machines On Smart Phone Systems For Emotional Speech Recognition
Tarng, W., Chen, Y., Li, C.-L., Hsie, K.-R., & Chen, M. (2010) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.1072524 · Cited by 16
Electrodermal activity analysis during affective haptic elicitation
Greco, A., Valenza, G., Nardelli, M., Bianchi, M., Lanatá, A., & Scilingo, E. (2015) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7319705 · Cited by 16
“Such an evaluation was performed adopting a common dimensional model of emotion: the Circumplex Model of Affect (CMA) [10], [15]– [17].”
MethodMurdoch, M., Partin, M. R., Vang, D., & Kehle‐Forbes, S. (2018) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/1556264618810302 · Cited by 16
Against comfort: political implications of evading discomfort
Munch‐Jurišić, D. M. (2020) · Global Discourse · doi:10.1332/204378920x15844659544839 · Cited by 17
“The same applies to sensations of calm, peace, and comfort (Posner et al, 2005; Barrett, 2017).”
BackgroundThuillard, S., & Dan‐Glauser, E. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00495-1 · Cited by 19
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, approach-affect and avoidance-affect
Warr, P. B., Sánchez‐Cardona, I., Taneva, S., Vera, M., Bindl, U. K., & Cifré, E. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1855119 · Cited by 19
Alanazi, S., Alruwaili, M., Ahmad, F., Alaerjan, A., & Alshammari, N. O. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21113760 · Cited by 19
“Typically, two emotional dimensions from Russell’s valence–arousal emotion model are used to evaluate emotions in the study of emotion recognition [17,18].”
Kwon, J., & Kim, J. Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.581918 · Cited by 16
“Emotions are measurable; for example, they can be measured as to how “intense” or positive or negative—as shown in the circumplex model of affect (Posner et al., 2005), representing the psychological constructionist stance on measures of human emotions.”
BackgroundEmotion-aware Multi-view Contrastive Learning for Facial Emotion Recognition
Kim, D. H., & Song, B. C. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19778-9_11 · Cited by 16
“Comparing with categorical FER, AV-based FER handling continuous labels can theoretically understand complex facial expressions and micro-facial expressions, and even detect hidden emotions [37,44].”
BackgroundFacial thermal and blood perfusion patterns of human emotions: Proof-of-Concept
Aristizábal, V. H., Henao-Pérez, M., López-Medina, D. C., Cruz, R. Z., & Díaz-Londoño, G. (2023) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103464 · Cited by 19
“Circumplexed model of emotions, adapted from [6].”
BackgroundInfluentialSivathasan, S., Dahary, H., Burack, J. A., & Quintin, E. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279002 · Cited by 22
Affects affect affects: A Markov Chain
Cipresso, P., Borghesi, F., & Chirico, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1162655 · Cited by 17
“Russell’s circumplex model of affect was increasingly interpreted as being able to plot each emotion precisely on a two-dimensional plane, with arousal on one axis and valence on the other (Posner et al., 2005; Britton et al., 2006; Jefferies et al., 2008).”
BackgroundTheories, methodologies, and effects of affect-adaptive games: A systematic review
Croissant, M., Schofield, G. P., & McCall, C. (2023) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2023.100591 · Cited by 21
Biological correlates of the Allais paradox
Silva, S. D., Baldo, D., & Matsushita, R. Y. (2011) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2011.607133 · Cited by 18
“The circumplex model is believed to complement data from developmental, neuroimaging and behaviouralgenetics studies of affective disorders (Posner et al., 2005).”
InfluentialTkalčič, M., Odić, A., & Košir, A. (2013) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2013.06.006 · Cited by 16
“In fact, there are different ways to describe emotions, the two most common are the VAD (valence–arousal–dominance) space [18] and the basic emotions space [6].”
BackgroundTypeface Emotion Analysis for Communication on Mobile Messengers
Choi, S., Yamasaki, T., & Aizawa, K. (2016) · International Workshop on Multimedia Alternate Realities (AltMM) · doi:10.1145/2983298.2983305 · Cited by 16
“Figure 2 shows the circumflex model of emotion [10], which associates emotion terms with combinations of different intensities of valence and arousal.”
BackgroundEffects of emotion and motivation on memory dissociate in the context of losses
Bowen, H. J., & Spaniol, J. (2017) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2017.05.003 · Cited by 16
The factorial structure of job-related affective well-being: Polish adaptation of the Warr’s measure
Mielniczuk, E., & Łaguna, M. (2018) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01178 · Cited by 23
Predicting affective valence using cortical hemodynamic signals
Trambaiolli, L. R., Biazoli, C. E., Cravo, A. M., & Sato, J. R. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23747-y · Cited by 16
Lehikoinen, A., Ranta-Nilkku, E., Mikkonen, J. E., Kaartinen, J., Penttonen, M., Ahonen, T., & Kiuru, N. H. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.11.004 · Cited by 16
A Systematic Review for Cognitive State-Based QoE/UX Evaluation
Bañuelos-Lozoya, E., González, G., González-Franco, N., Díaz, O. G. F., & Castro-Sánchez, N. A. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21103439 · Cited by 19
“papers recognizing only emotions of the traditional circumplex model of affect [33]; 3.”
BackgroundCN-waterfall: a deep convolutional neural network for multimodal physiological affect detection
Fouladgar, N., Alirezaie, M., & Främling, K. (2021) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-021-06516-3 · Cited by 16
Alipour, M., Dupuy-Chessa, S. S., & Céret, É. (2021) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii52823.2021.9597415 · Cited by 16
Contextual Recognition of Robot Emotions
Zhang, J., & SHARKEY, A. J. C. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23232-9_8 · Cited by 16
“though some emotions (fear, and happy+surprised) were harder to make convincing [4, 9]. Moreover, to generate dramatic but smooth shifts from one emotional state of a robot to another, Russell’s circumplex model of affect containing two dimensions; valence and arousal [18] was used to construct an emotion space for Ki…”
MethodNederlof, A. F., Muris, P., & Hovens, J. E. J. M. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.006 · Cited by 16
Navarro, M. Á. L., Monzonís, J. L., & Tortosa-Edo, V. (2015) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.071 · Cited by 16
“Indeed, studies have indicated that positive and negative affects tend to comprise independent dimensions and exhibit distinct functions with regard to human behaviour (Larsen and Diner, 1992; Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundHigh arousal and low arousal work-related positive affects and basal cardiovascular activity
Armon, G., Melamed, S., Berliner, S. A., & Shapira, I. (2013) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.848375 · Cited by 17
“Happiness, on the other hand, which denotes moderately aroused positive emotion (Posner et al., 2005) have been consistently showed to be associated with reduced cardiovascular reactivity to stress (Steptoe, Gibson, Hammer, & Wardle, 2007) and with low HR and BP levels throughout the work day (see…”
BackgroundMankiewicz, P. D., Gresswell, D. M., & Turner, C. (2013) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v3i1.3 · Cited by 16
Bianchi, M., Valenza, G., Greco, A., Nardelli, M., Battaglia, E., Bicchi, A., & Scilingo, E. (2016) · IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication · doi:10.1109/roman.2016.7745100 · Cited by 14
“Circumplex Model of Affect (CMA) [12], a common model to categorize emotions using two main dimensions conceptualized by the terms of valence and arousal.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThuillard, S., & Dan‐Glauser, E. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12626-7 · Cited by 17
Heinrich, K. M., Crawford, D. A., Johns, B., Frye, J., & Gilmore, K. E. (2019) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000159 · Cited by 20
Huang, Y.-D., Wang, K.-Y., Ho, Y.-L., He, C.-Y., & Fang, W.-C. (2019) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas.2019.8919038 · Cited by 16
“only includes valence and arousal [1].”
Metadata
- Authors
- POSNER, J., RUSSELL, J. A., & PETERSON, B. S.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Boston College (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 715-734
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2367156
- OpenAlex
- W2165857685
- Cited by
- 2,602
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 226 · 2023: 213 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 170 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 174 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH‐K02‐74677, MH 36197, R01MH036197, MH59139, R01MH059139, MH-01232, R01MH068318, MH 068318, K08MH001232)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017820)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- circumplex model of affect, basic emotions, affective neuroscience, cognitive development, mood disorders, neural systems, emotion theory
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Arousal, Mental Disorders, Brain, Cognition, Facial Expression, Humans, Nerve Net, Neurosciences, Psychological Theory, Temperament, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
