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The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
The circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations that are the product of two independent neurophysiological systems. This model stands in contrast to theories of basic emotions, which posit that a discrete and independent neural system subserves every emotion. We propose that basic emotion theories no longer explain adequately the vast number of empirical observations from studies in affective neuroscience, and we suggest that a conceptual shift is needed in the empirical approaches taken to the study of emotion and affective psychopathologies. The circumplex model of affect is more consistent with many recent findings from behavioral, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and developmental studies of affect. Moreover, the model offers new theoretical and empirical approaches to studying the development of affective disorders as well as the genetic and cognitive underpinnings of affective processing within the central nervous system. This work was supported in part by NIMH Grants MH01232, MH59139, MH36197, MHK02-74677, and MH068318; a grant from the National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD); NSF Grant BSC-0421702; and funding from the Thomas D. Klingenstein and Nancy D. Perlman Family Fund and the Suzanne Crosby Murphy Endowment at Columbia University.
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“These opposite effects on ISC fit with the proposed distinction between valence and arousal representations in the brain (31,32) and they also highlight the neurobehavioral functions that emotional arousal and valence may have in human social interaction.”
From Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
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“We adopted the circumplex model of affect (Posner et al. 2005) to describe and define emotions.”
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“First of all, emotions are considered important components of overall psychological well-being (Schimmack 2008) , but also of psychological suffering (Posner et al. 2005).”
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“Second, our theoretical approach allowed us to examine responses from a single quadrant of the affect circumplex and thereby eliminate the confounding and interpretational difficulties associated with aggregating responses from more than one quadrant (Posner et al., 2005).”
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“The categories chosen for this database are based on the two-dimensional affective space (e.g., Bradley and Lang 2000; Posner et al. 2005; Russell 1979, 1980): the hedonic valence (positive vs. negative) and arousal or emotional intensity (from low to high).”
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“Moreover, basic emotions still vary along dimensions of valence and arousal (Posner et al., 2005).”
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An emotion based approach to assessing entrepreneurial education
Lackéus, M. (2014) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2014.06.005 · Cited by 201
van Steenbergen, H., Band, G. P. H., & Hommel, B. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610385951 · Cited by 209
SparseDGCNN: Recognizing Emotion From Multichannel EEG Signals
Zhang, G., Yu, M., Liu, Y., Zhao, G., Zhang, D., & Zheng, W. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3051332 · Cited by 186
“Nowa-days, the most commonly used model is the Circumplex Model of Affect, which only uses valence and arousal [6], [21].”
MethodThe Ethics of Emotion in Artificial Intelligence Systems
Stark, L., & Hoey, J. (2021) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3442188.3445939 · Cited by 220
“assessments of affective states in particular social contexts [95].”
BackgroundLuyten, P., & Blatt, S. J. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.003 · Cited by 198
“…including circumplex models of human value priorities (Schwartz, 1992) and emotions (Plutchik & Hope, 1997; Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005), particularly as the latter models have related basic dimensions involved in emotions to independent neurophysiological systems (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundHinojosa, J. A., Méndez‐Bértolo, C., & Pozo, M. A. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00982.x · Cited by 184
Emotional voice conversion: Theory, databases and ESD
Zhou, K., Şişman, B., Liu, R., & Li, H. (2021) · Speech Communication · doi:10.1016/j.specom.2021.11.006 · Cited by 184
The knowns and unknowns of boredom: a review of the literature
Raffaelli, Q., Mills, C., & Kalina Christoff, A. (2017) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-017-4922-7 · Cited by 214
Neural Representations of Emotion Are Organized around Abstract Event Features
Skerry, A. E., & Saxe, R. R. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.009 · Cited by 190
“Although many have focused on the differences between these two proposals [28, 29], both aim to represent emotions in terms of combinations of a small number of basic affective states, rooted in innate neural substrates.”
Behavioural and physiological assessment of positive and negative emotion in sheep
Reefmann, N., Wechsler, B., & Gygax, L. (2009) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.06.015 · Cited by 186
“As a working definition, emotional states can be described by their valence (ranging from negative to positive) and arousal (low to high; Russell 1980; Posner et al. 2005).”
BackgroundGerber, A. J., Posner, J. E., Gorman, D. A., Colibazzi, T., Yu, S., Wang, Z., Kangarlu, A., Hongtu Zhu, B., Russell, J. A., & Peterson, B. S. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.032 · Cited by 186
“Some have interpreted this as meaning that these regions encode the “arousal” of the emotion, as suggested by the circumplex model (J. Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVirtual Reality for Emotion Elicitation – A Review
Somarathna, R., Bednarz, T. P., & Mohammadi, G. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3181053 · Cited by 201
“Among them, the two-dimensional Circumplex Model of Affect [46] is the most widely used, representing the entire affective states by valence and arousal [47].”
BackgroundChin, H., Song, H., Baek, G., Shin, M., Jung, C., Cha, M., Choi, J., & Cha, C. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/51712 · Cited by 213
“The Russell circumplex model of affect [42] suggests that “happy” and “excited” are polar opposites of “depressed” and “sad.””
Choi, J. N., Sung, S. Y., Lee, K., & Cho, D. (2010) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.684 · Cited by 176
Tamir, D., Thornton, M. A., Contreras, J. M., & Mitchell, J. P. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1511905112 · Cited by 165
“The dimensions of these theories include valence and arousal (4, 5), warmth and competence (6, 7), agency and experience (8), emotion and reason, mind and body (9), social and nonsocial (2, 10, 11), and uniquely human and shared with animals (12).”
BackgroundModelling Valence and Arousal in Facebook posts
Preotiuc-Pietro, D., Schwartz, H. A., Park, G. J., Eichstaedt, J., Kern, M. L., Ungar, L., & Shulman, E. (2016) · WASSA@NAACL-HLT · doi:10.18653/v1/w16-0404 · Cited by 187
“For example, fear is a state involving the combination of negative valence and high arousal (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundExpressing Emotions through Color, Sound, and Vibration with an Appearance-Constrained Social Robot
Song, S., & Yamada, S. (2017) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/2909824.3020239 · Cited by 165
“The circumplex model of affect [29] is used to map emotions onto a valence-arousal space (see Figure 1).”
MethodHalbig, A., & Latoschik, M. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.694567 · Cited by 166
Vanhalst, J., Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., Van Petegem, S., Weeks, M. S., & Asher, S. R. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000051 · Cited by 153
The role of personality, age, and gender in tweeting about mental illness
Preoțiuc-Pietro, D., Eichstaedt, J. C., Park, G., Sap, M., Smith, L. K., Tobolsky, V. A., Schwartz, H. A., & Ungar, L. (2015) · Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology (CLPsych) · doi:10.3115/v1/w15-1203 · Cited by 169
“We characterize expressions along the dimensions of affect (from positive to negative) and intensity (from low to high), which correspond to the two primary axes of the circumplex model, a well-established system for describing emotional states (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMultimodal Emotion Recognition on RAVDESS Dataset Using Transfer Learning
Luna-Jiménez, C., Griol, D., Callejas, Z., Kleinlein, R., Montero, J. M., & Fernández-Martínez, F. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21227665 · Cited by 177
“…the investigation continued until the apparition of the n-dimensional theories as ‘the circumplex model of affect’ of Posner and Rusell in 2005 [25], which establishes that emotions arise as a product of two independent neural systems, one that informs the valence (i.e., how pleasant or…”
The Edge of Sentience: Risk and Precaution in Humans, Other Animals, and AI
Birch, J. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191966729.001.0001 · Cited by 236
Animal affect and decision-making
Mendl, M., & Paul, E. S. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.025 · Cited by 171
“For reasons outlined earlier, our framework is grounded in a dimensional core affect model of emotion (Posner et al., 2005; Russell, 2003; Russell and Barrett, 1999) which posits that interplay between core affect and contextual information can construct a range of specific emotions (Barrett,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExpressing Emotions with the Social Robot Probo
Saldien, J., Goris, K., Vanderborght, B., Vanderfaeillie, J., & Lefeber, D. (2010) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-010-0067-6 · Cited by 163
“circumplex model of affect defined by Russell [22], which has as well been implemented in the robot Eddie [29].”
MethodHeart Rate Variability (HRV) Analysis: A Methodology for Organizational Neuroscience
Massaro, S., & Pecchia, L. (2016) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428116681072 · Cited by 178
Metadata
- Authors
- POSNER, J., RUSSELL, J. A., & PETERSON, B. S.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Boston College (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 715-734
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2367156
- OpenAlex
- W2165857685
- Cited by
- 2,602
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 226 · 2023: 213 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 170 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 174 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH‐K02‐74677, MH 36197, R01MH036197, MH59139, R01MH059139, MH-01232, R01MH068318, MH 068318, K08MH001232)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017820)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- circumplex model of affect, basic emotions, affective neuroscience, cognitive development, mood disorders, neural systems, emotion theory
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Arousal, Mental Disorders, Brain, Cognition, Facial Expression, Humans, Nerve Net, Neurosciences, Psychological Theory, Temperament, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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