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The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
The circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations that are the product of two independent neurophysiological systems. This model stands in contrast to theories of basic emotions, which posit that a discrete and independent neural system subserves every emotion. We propose that basic emotion theories no longer explain adequately the vast number of empirical observations from studies in affective neuroscience, and we suggest that a conceptual shift is needed in the empirical approaches taken to the study of emotion and affective psychopathologies. The circumplex model of affect is more consistent with many recent findings from behavioral, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and developmental studies of affect. Moreover, the model offers new theoretical and empirical approaches to studying the development of affective disorders as well as the genetic and cognitive underpinnings of affective processing within the central nervous system. This work was supported in part by NIMH Grants MH01232, MH59139, MH36197, MHK02-74677, and MH068318; a grant from the National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD); NSF Grant BSC-0421702; and funding from the Thomas D. Klingenstein and Nancy D. Perlman Family Fund and the Suzanne Crosby Murphy Endowment at Columbia University.
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“These opposite effects on ISC fit with the proposed distinction between valence and arousal representations in the brain (31,32) and they also highlight the neurobehavioral functions that emotional arousal and valence may have in human social interaction.”
From Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
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Quan, J., Miyake, Y., & Nozawa, T. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21165317 · Cited by 23
“Furthermore, arousal and valence are the two affective dimensions of the well-known circumplex model of emotion by James Russell [62] , which can cover more subtle changes in emotions.”
BackgroundSpiritual Leadership and Job Engagement: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation
Huang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.844991 · Cited by 26
“To further and directly examine our proposed mediation effects, we performed bootstrapping procedures using Hayes bootstrapping techniques (Preacher and Hayes, 2008).”
MethodWang, L., & Jiang, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.843531 · Cited by 26
Measuring ethical behavior with AI and natural language processing to assess business success
Gloor, P. A., Colladon, A. F., & Grippa, F. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14101-4 · Cited by 26
“…has been offered by the Dimensional Theory of emotion, which uses three dimensions: pleasant-unpleasant, tension-relaxation, and excitation-calm 57 , or various adaptations of the Circumplex model, where each emotion is located on a quadrant that reflects varying amounts of hedonic and arousal…”
BackgroundChen, H., Alghowinem, S., Jang, S. J., Breazeal, C., & Park, H. W. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3178689 · Cited by 27
“Compared with categorical emotional models that capture emotions such as happiness, anger and sadness, the valence-arousal scale also represents experimental and clinical findings more accurately [69].”
BackgroundSpecificity of affective dynamics of bipolar and major depressive disorder
Stapp, E. K., Zipunnikov, V., Leroux, A., Cui, L., Husky, M. M., Dey, D., & Merikangas, K. R. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3134 · Cited by 23
“…future work should directly interrogate within-person change in depth of emotional expression longitudinally in persons with mood disorders as well as in larger samples of youth to better understand how development may impact measurement of emotion using the circumplex (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundTowards a Standardization in the Use of Physiological Signals for Affective Recognition Systems.
Arroyo-Palacios, J., & Romano, D. M. (2009) · Cited by 22
Investigating the Impact of Sound Angular Position on the Listener Affective State
Drossos, K., Floros, A., Giannakoulopoulos, A. P., & Kanellopoulos, N. G. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2015.2392768 · Cited by 22
Extracting relevance and affect information from physiological text annotation
Barral, O., Kosunen, I., Ruotsalo, T., Spapé, M., Eugster, M. J. A., Ravaja, N., Samuel Kaski, A., & Jacucci, G. (2016) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/s11257-016-9184-8 · Cited by 22
Eerola, T. (2018) · Springer handbooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55004-5_29 · Cited by 26
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Brain Dynamics Induced by Pleasant/Unpleasant Tactile Stimuli Conveyed by Different Fabrics
Greco, A., Guidi, A., Bianchi, M., Lanatà, A., Valenza, G., & Scilingo, E. P. (2019) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2019.2893324 · Cited by 22
“CMA is a common dimensional model for emotions that considers two dimensions: valence and arousal.”
InfluentialTemporal modulation in speech, music, and animal vocal communication: evidence of conserved function
Filippi, P., Hoeschele, M., Spierings, M. J., & Bowling, D. L. (2019) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14228 · Cited by 26
Emotion Concept Development from Childhood to Adulthood
Nook, E. C., & Somerville, L. H. (2019) · Nebraska Symposium on Motivation/The Nebraska symposium on motivation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27473-3_2 · Cited by 29
Affective State Assistant for Helping Users with Cognition Disabilities Using Neural Networks
Muñoz-Saavedra, L., Luna-Perejón, F., Civit-Masot, J., Miró-Amarante, L., Civit, A., & Domínguez-Morales, M. (2020) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics9111843 · Cited by 22
“The affective state’s classification according to those metrics is deeply evaluated by Posner et al. [22] and is summarized in Figure 1.”
BackgroundYpsilanti, A., Mullings, E. L., Hawkins, O., & Lazuras, L. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.031 · Cited by 24
Stella, M., Vitevitch, M. S., & Botta, F. (2022) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc6020052 · Cited by 22
Yaseen, Z. S., Fisher, K., Morales, E., & GALYNKER, I. I. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044069 · Cited by 24
“Circumplex models of affect describe affects in terms of independent components such as valence and arousal [8,9].”
BackgroundDon't Get Too Excited: Assessing Individual Differences in the Down-Regulation of Positive Emotions
Zou, C., Plaks, J. E., & Peterson, J. B. (2017) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1339711 · Cited by 22
“It would also be useful to distinguish between the valence of emotions and the arousal of emotions to observe whether the regulation of emotional valence might differ from the regulation of emotional arousal (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundUnraveling Human-AI Teaming: A Review and OutlookPreprint
Lou, B., Lu, T., Raghu, T. S., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5211067 · Cited by 52
Semeraro, A., Vilella, S., Improta, R., Duro, E. S. D., Mohammad, S. M., Ruffo, G., & Stella, M. (2025) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-024-02553-7 · Cited by 34
“In the emotional circumplex of affect model (Posner et al., 2005), happiness roughly corresponds to a state of positive valence and moderate arousal.”
InfluentialLee, I. E., Latchoumane, C.-F. V., & Jeong, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00440 · Cited by 22
“In this experiment, we focused on a twodimensional (2D) representation (valence and arousal) to validate the affective meaning of our visual music in accordance with the circumplex model of affect (Posner et al., 2005).”
MethodScore and Rank-Level Fusion for Emotion Recognition Using Genetic Algorithm
Ahmed, F., Sieu, B. K., & Gavrilova, M. L. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics & Cognitive Computing (ICCI*CC) · doi:10.1109/icci-cc.2018.8482086 · Cited by 21
“Recently, RCM model was used to recognize emotion in theater performances [11] [12].”
MethodResultInfluentialExperience-Dependent c-Fos Expression in the Mediodorsal Thalamus Varies With Chemosensory Modality
Fredericksen, K. E., McQueen, K. A., & Samuelsen, C. L. (2018) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjy070 · Cited by 21
Emotion Identification in Movies through Facial Expression Recognition
Almeida, J. E., Vilaça, L., Teixeira, I. N., & Viana, P. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11156827 · Cited by 21
“Certain facial expressions are associated with more than one emotion, which suggests that the initial proposed taxonomy is not adequate [9].”
BackgroundLennie, T. M., & Eerola, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822264 · Cited by 27
“There are findings for multiple neural mechanisms underpinning coreaffect (Posner et al., 2005) such as pleasure circuits (Berridge and Kringelbach, 2013; Kringelbach and Berridge, 2015), and a “generalized arousal system” (Pfaff, 2006).”
BackgroundA Highly Energy-Efficient Hyperdimensional Computing Processor for Biosignal Classification
Menon, A., Sun, D., Sabouri, S., Lee, K., Aristio, M., Liew, H., & Rabaey, J. M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2022.3187944 · Cited by 21
“Discrete emotions can be described as a linear combination of these two systems [22], reduced to high and low arousal and valence values for emotion recognition.”
BackgroundCross-Subject Emotion Recognition Using Fused Entropy Features of EEG
Zuo, X., Zhang, C., Hämäläinen, T., Gao, H., Fu, Y., & Cong, F. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24091281 · Cited by 21
“authors presented that emotion states occur from the cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations and that CMA is a useful tool to study the development of emotion disorders and cognitive underpinnings of affective processing [38].”
BackgroundBarría, C., Guevara, C. Á., Jimenez-Molina, A., & Seriani, S. (2023) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2023.05.002 · Cited by 21
Modeling Reader's Emotional State Response on Document's Typographic Elements
Tsonos, D., & Κουρουπέτρογλου, Γ. (2011) · Advances in Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1155/2011/206983 · Cited by 21
“Moreover, in this study, we deploy a novel model of the readers emotion variations induced by the typographic elements font style (bold, italics, bold-italics) and font elements (font/background color combinations, size, and type).”
MethodLamke, J.-P., Daniels, J. K., Dörfel, D., Gaebler, M., Rahman, R. A., Hummel, F., Erk, S., & Walter, H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093098 · Cited by 21
“[53]) in order to get a more precise characterization of the experimental manipulation.”
BackgroundMilbury, K., Engle, R., Tsao, A. S., Liao, Z. X., Owens, A., Chaoul, A., Bruera, E. D., & Cohen, L. G. (2017) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.11.027 · Cited by 22
Multimodal mood classification of Hindi and Western songs
Patra, B. G., Das, D., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (2018) · Journal of Intelligent Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10844-018-0497-4 · Cited by 21
“Later on, these two-dimensions have been conceptualized in different ways: as the dimensions of “positive and negative affect” (Watson et al. 1999), “energy and stress” (Thayer 1990), “approach and withdrawal” (Lang et al. 1998; Posner et al. 2005).”
Autoencoder for Semisupervised Multiple Emotion Detection of Conversation Transcripts
Phan, D. A., Matsumoto, Y., & Shindo, H. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2018.2885304 · Cited by 21
Implicit reaction vs explicit emotional response: Protected designation of origin in apple cider
Mora, M., Elzo-Aizarna, J., Rozas-Fuertes, S., Velilla-Echeita, L., & Vázquez‐Araújo, L. (2019) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103773 · Cited by 24
Core Affect Dynamics: Arousal as a Modulator of Valence
Petrolini, V., & Viola, M. (2020) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-020-00474-w · Cited by 26
Emotion Induced Monoamine Neuromodulator Release Affects Functional Neurological Disorders
Liang, F., Xu, Q., Jiang, M. C., Feng, R., Jiang, S., Yuan, B., Xu, S., Wu, T., Wang, F., & Huang, J. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.633048 · Cited by 21
““Core affects can be realized by visceral control systems to help the organisms deal with motivationally salient stimuli” (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundShining (blue) light on creative ability
Abdullah, S., Czerwinski, M. P., Mark, G. J., & Johns, P. (2016) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2971648.2971751 · Cited by 21
“According to the “Circumplex Model of Affect”, all affective states arise from the interaction between the independent and orthogonal neurophysiological processes of arousal and valence [62].”
BackgroundMethodWong, A. H.-W., Tiyyagura, G. K., Dodington, J. M., Hawkins, B., Hersey, D., & Auerbach, M. A. (2017) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.007 · Cited by 21
Kawadler, J. M., Hemmings, N. R., Ponzo, S., Morelli, D., Bird, G., & Plans, D. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/18067 · Cited by 20
“The app also contains on-demand tools such as an in-built ecological momentary assessment based on the Circumplex Model of Affect [29], allowing individuals to log their mood in the moment, and reflect back on their entries at a later date to gain insights into patterns and themes, and diaphragmatic breathing exercise…”
MethodDifferentiating anticipated and anticipatory emotions and their sensitivity to depressive symptoms.
McClure, J. H. C., Riggs, K. J., Dewhurst, S. A., & Anderson, R. J. (2024) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001371 · Cited by 20
Evaluation of emotion classification schemes in social media text: an annotation-based approach
Zhang, F., Chen, J., Tang, Q., & Tian, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02008-w · Cited by 34
“Russell’s cir-cumplex model has two dimensions: valence and arousal [20, 21].”
BackgroundMattsson, S., Fast–Berglund, Å., & Åkerman, M. (2017) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies5040061 · Cited by 20
“, connected to a situation or a subjective reconstruction [13,14]).”
BackgroundProtective Factors Associated with Daily Affective Reactivity and Instability During Adolescence
Vannucci, A., Finan, L. J., Ohannessian, C. M., Tennen, H. A., Reyes, A. D. L., & Liu, S. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0943-1 · Cited by 23
Anger From Within: The Role of Emotions in Disengagement From Violent Extremism
Simi, P., Windisch, S., Harris, D., & Ligon, G. S. (2019) · Journal of Qualitative Criminal Justice & Criminology · doi:10.21428/88de04a1.7dc6a559 · Cited by 21
“Raters coded each disengagement event and identified as many affective markers that could be coded using the circumplex affect codebook (Posner et al., 2005; Russell, 1980; Yik, Russell, & Steiger, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodEmotional, affective and biometrical states analytics of a built environment
Kaklauskas, A., Abraham, A., Dzemyda, G., Raslanas, S., Seniut, M., Ubartė, I., Kurasova, O., Binkytė-Vėlienė, A., & Čerkauskas, J. (2020) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2020.103621 · Cited by 20
Norms for emotion-false memory lists
Chang, M., Brainerd, C. J., Toglia, M. P., & Schmidt, S. R. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01410-7 · Cited by 20
Fluctuation in pupil size and spontaneous blinks reflect story transportation
Kaakinen, J. K., & Simola, J. (2020) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.13.3.6 · Cited by 20
Daily associations between affect and alcohol use among adults: The importance of affective arousal
Jones, D. R., Allen, H. K., Lanza, S. T., & Graham‐Engeland, J. E. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106623 · Cited by 20
“Affect relative to day-level drinking initiation: Analyzing ecological momentary assessment data with multilevel spline modeling.”
MethodInfluentialContests and unethical behavior in organizations: a review and synthesis of the empirical literature
Piest, S., & Schreck, P. (2020) · Management Review Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11301-020-00197-3 · Cited by 22
Lekkas, D., Gyorda, J. A., Price, G. D., Wortzman, Z., & Jacobson, N. C. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/32731 · Cited by 20
“Preceding the valence–arousal–dominance (VAD-3D) circumplex model is the valence–arousal (VA-2D) circumplex model [31].”
BackgroundResultMoltrecht, B., Patalay, P., Bear, H. A., Deighton, J., & Edbrooke-Childs, J. H. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/28300 · Cited by 24
“It has been suggested that internalizing symptoms are associated with the primary experience of low-arousal emotions, whereas externalizing symptoms are linked to high-arousal emotions [47].”
BackgroundRoche, E., Rocha‐Hidalgo, J., Piper, D. J., Strouse, G. A., Neely, L. I., Ryu, J., Myers, L. J., McClure, E. R., Troseth, G. L., Zosh, J. M., et al. (2022) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12491 · Cited by 22
A novel dropout mechanism with label extension schema toward text emotion classification
Li, Z., Li, X., Xie, H., Wang, F. L., Leng, M., Li, Q., & Tao, X. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103173 · Cited by 20
Emotional valence perception in music and subjective arousal: Experimental validation of stimuli
Hofbauer, L. M., & Rodriguez, F. S. (2023) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12922 · Cited by 20
Russo, S., Lorusso, L., D’Onofrio, G., Ciccone, F., Tritto, M., Nocco, S., Cardone, D., Perpetuini, D., Lombardo, M., Lombardo, D., et al. (2023) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics8060475 · Cited by 21
“The AS algorithm combines the valence state and the arousal state in a valence–arousal plane analog to the circumplex circle of effect [57].”
MethodPhysiological Data for User Experience and Quality of Experience: A Systematic Review (2018–2022)
da Silveira, A. C., de Souza, M. L., Ghinea, G., & Santos, C. A. S. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2311972 · Cited by 20
“For emotion classification with biofeedback, some studies, such as (Tsai et al., 2021) and (J. Pinto et al., 2019), have adopted the Circumplex Model of Affect proposed by Posner et al. (2005) and depicted in Figure 4(a).”
Gath-Morad, M., Egli, S., Grübel, J., Steemers, K., Hölscher, C., & Aguilar, L. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111928 · Cited by 22
Detecting flow in games using facial expressions
Burns, A., & Tulip, J. (2017) · IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG) · doi:10.1109/cig.2017.8080414 · Cited by 20
“Affective states have also been described using a ‘circumplex model’ where affective states are categorized using hedonic valence and physiological arousal [19, 20].”
MethodSimulation as a Surgical Teaching Model
Ruiz-Gómez, J. L., Martín-Parra, J. I., Noriega, M. G., Redondo-Figuero, C. G., & Manuel-Palazuelos, J. C. (2018) · Cirugía Española (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.cireng.2017.09.011 · Cited by 20
Food loves company: Risky eating with friends increases interpersonal closeness
Cummings, J. R., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.07.006 · Cited by 20
“We scored the activated positive affect items including active, alert, attentive, enthusiastic, excited, and happy (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundReconfiguration of brain networks supporting inhibition of emotional challenge
Bartholomew, M. E., Yee, C. M., Heller, W., Miller, G. A., & Spielberg, J. M. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.066 · Cited by 24
“Two orthogonal contrasts were tested in the NBS model, capturing valence and arousal qualities of emotion (Posner et al., 2005).”
MethodThe role of affect in practicing a musical instrument: A systematic review of the literature
Mazur‐Socha, Z., & Łaguna, M. (2019) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735619861831 · Cited by 25
Tkalčič, M., Košir, A., & Tasič, J. F. (2012) · Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces · doi:10.1007/s12193-012-0107-7 · Cited by 20
“– image, which represented the item to be consumed as well as the emotion elicitation visual stimulus – the induced emotive state as a triple in the VAD space, as described in [27] – personality parameters of the five-factor personality model (FFM) as described in [8] – explicit ratings on a five-level Likert scale –…”
MethodDetermining the affective body language of older adults during socially assistive HRI
McColl, D., & Nejat, G. (2014) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros.2014.6942922 · Cited by 20
“The DBN RC-ICP approach is used herein as it provides more accurate joint position estimations when compared to other approaches such as articulated ICP tracking and model-based ray-casting techniques [21].”
MethodPredicting Emotional Word Ratings using Distributional Representations and Signed Clustering
Sedoc, J., Preoțiuc-Pietro, D., & Ungar, L. (2017) · Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/e17-2090 · Cited by 20
“The main dimensional model of affect is the circumplex model of Russell (1980), which posits that all affective states are represented as a linear combination of two independent systems: valence (or sentiment) and arousal (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundBecker, K. R., Fischer, S. F., Crosby, R., Engel, S., & Wonderlich, S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.008 · Cited by 16
Introduction to the Special Issue on Emotions in Reading, Learning, and Communication
Bohn-Gettler, C. M., & Kaakinen, J. K. (2021) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2021.1899369 · Cited by 23
“According to the dimensional views, emotions can be described according to two (or more) dimensions, such as valence or pleasantness (negative-positive) and activation (calming-arousing; e.g., Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundEmotion Forecasting: A Transformer-Based Approach
Paz-Arbaizar, L., López‐Castromán, J., Artés-Rodrı́guez, A., Olmos, P. M., & Ramírez, D. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/63962 · Cited by 20
“Neutral valence emotions fell in the center of the pleasantness spectrum, representing a lack of strong affective polarity [53].”
Rathje, S., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.06.014 · Cited by 23
Learning Individualized Treatment Rules for Multiple-Domain Latent Outcomes
Chen, Y., Zeng, D., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2020.1817751 · Cited by 19
“These three identified latent domains could reflect positive valence, negative valence and activation (or arousal) of emotion, which are widely identified constructs underlying affective states in psychopathology (Posner, Russell, and Peterson 2005).”
BackgroundStability and change in the achievement emotion profiles of university students
Tze, V. M. C., Daniels, L. M., Hamm, J. M., Parker, P. C., & Perry, R. P. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01133-0 · Cited by 21
Grimaldos, J., Duque, A., Palau-Batet, M., Pastor, M. C., Bretón-López, J. M., & Quero, S. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01577-7 · Cited by 19
“This two-dimensional affective assessing scale is based on the circumplex model of affect (Posner et al., 2005), which is supported by relevant empirical evidence from neurocognitive approaches (e.g., Heilman, 2000; Lang et al., 1993).”
MethodTowards a Model of Leader Character Development: Insights From Anatomy and Music Therapy
Crossan, M. M., Ellis, C., & Crossan, C. (2021) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/15480518211005455 · Cited by 22
“Conceptually, affect varies along two dimensions: positive or negative arousal (e.g., excited, calm) and pleasant or unpleasant valence (e.g., happy, sad) (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundStress Analysis with Dimensions of Valence and Arousal in the Wild
Tran, T.-D., Kim, J., Ho, N.-H., Yang, H.-J., Pant, S., Kim, S.-H., & Lee, G.-S. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11115194 · Cited by 20
“The circumplex model of affect [1] defines the emotion in arousal and valence dimensions, where arousal refers to the person’s agitation level, and valence refers to how pleasant or unpleasant the feeling is.”
BackgroundCharacterization of soundscape perception of preschool children
Ma, H., Su, H., & Cui, J. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108921 · Cited by 19
Janzen, T. B., de Oliveira, B., Ferreira, G. V., Sato, J. R., Feitosa-Santana, C., & Vanzella, P. (2022) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356221079866 · Cited by 20
“The stimuli consisted of 1-min passages of instrumental music extracted from operas composed by Richard Wagner that varied in arousal and valence as to reflect one of the four emotion categories according to Russell’s circumplex model (Posner et al., 2005; Russell, 1980): happy (high arousal/positive valence; Opera: S…”
BackgroundMethodEmotion Distribution Learning Based on Peripheral Physiological Signals
Shu, Y., Yang, P., Liu, N., Zhang, S., Zhao, G., & Liu, Y. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3163609 · Cited by 19
Jiang, L., Siriaraya, P., Choi, D., Zeng, F., & Kuwahara, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.945024 · Cited by 18
Distinguishing dimensions of emotion dynamics across 12 emotions in adolescents’ daily lives.
Reitsema, A. M., Jeronimus, B. F., van Dijk, M., Ceulemans, E., van Roekel, E., Kuppens, P., & de Jonge, P. (2022) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001173 · Cited by 24
How multisensory perception promotes purchase intent in the context of clothing e-customisation
Li, P., Guo, X., Wu, C., & Spence, C. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1039875 · Cited by 20
“Similarly, researchers found that there are two independent dimensions of positive emotions, namely valence and arousal (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundCan, Y. S., & Ersoy, C. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3232483 · Cited by 19
“…comprehensive and thorough studies of interrelationships between emotional experiences, using statistical methods, such as multidimensional scaling and factor study for subjective data on emotional texts, faces, and experiences, have resulted in two-dimensional models of affective experiences [23].”
MethodIngestible pills reveal gastric correlates of emotions
Porciello, G., Monti, A., Panasiti, M. S., & Aglioti, S. M. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.85567 · Cited by 26
“…pill position in the stomach (1) in the small (2) and in the large bowel (3). et al., 2014 ; and (iv) there would be no differences in self-reported arousal ratings between the emotional video clips, in line with previous literature (e.g. Posner et al., 2005 ; Russell and Barrett, 1999 ).”
ResultFominska, I., Tore, S. D., Nappi, M., Iovane, G., Sibilio, M., & Gelo, A. (2024) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi16110417 · Cited by 25
“These dimensions closely align with the circumplex model of emotion, which includes valence and arousal, recognized as fundamental in describing emotional states [25,26].”
The Aiming Game: Using a Game with Biofeedback for Training in Emotion Regulation
Cederholm, H., Hilborn, O., Lindley, C. A., Sennersten, C. C., & Eriksson, J. (2011) · doi:10.26503/dl.v2011i1.523 · Cited by 19
Emotion Analysis of Telephone Complaints from Customer Based on Affective Computing
Gong, S., Dai, Y., Ji, J., Wang, J., & Sun, H. Y. (2015) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2015/506905 · Cited by 19
“They thought that affective states can be described by the above two dimensions [13–15].”
BackgroundHassett, A. L., Goesling, J., Mathur, S., Moser, S. E., Brummett, C. M., & Sibille, K. T. (2016) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000350 · Cited by 20
Generic method for generating blended gestures and affective functional behaviors for social robots
de Perre, G. V., Cao, H.-L., Beir, A. D., Esteban, P. G., Lefeber, D., & Vanderborght, B. (2017) · Autonomous Robots · doi:10.1007/s10514-017-9650-0 · Cited by 19
“By considering the two dimensional emotion space of valance and arousal, based on the circumplex model of affect (Posner et al. 2005), we obtained an appropriate speed scaling factor for each emotion (see Fig.”
BackgroundMethodThe spectrum of positive affect: A cross-cultural lexical analysis
Lomas, T. (2017) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v7i3.608 · Cited by 20
The Power of Color: A Study on the Effective Use of Colored Light in Human-Robot Interaction
Portner, A., Schroder, L., Rasch, R., Sprute, D., Hoffmann, M., & Koenig, M. (2018) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros.2018.8594231 · Cited by 19
“[18] illustrate the internal state of a robot using changing patterns of light based on the circumflex model [19].”
MethodWinz, M., & Söderström, O. (2020) · BioSocieties · doi:10.1057/s41292-020-00183-8 · Cited by 21
Lai, Y.-H., Chang, Y. C., Tsai, C., Lin, C., & Chen, M. (2020) · Software Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/spe.2866 · Cited by 19
Muniady, V., & Ali, A. (2020) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2020.13455a · Cited by 14
“According to Russell (1980), any affective states will fall in this two dimensions.”
Lentferink, A., Noordzij, M. L., Burgler, A., Klaassen, R., Derks, Y. P. M. J., Oldenhuis, H. K. E., Velthuijsen, H., & van Gemert‐Pijnen, J. E. W. C. (2021) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2021.1876764 · Cited by 21
“…EMA questionnaire in the TIIM app to reflect upon the emotional valence and subjective emotional arousal, based on the circumplex model of affect (Posner, Russell, and Peterson 2005), and cause of the emotion, including the following questions: (1) ‘Do you experience a positive, neutral, or…”
MethodEmotion processing without awareness: Features detection or significance evaluation?
Sebastiani, L., Castellani, E., & D'Alessandro, L. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.019 · Cited by 19
Mazzei, D., Greco, A., Lazzeri, N., Zaraki, A., Lanatà, A., Igliozzi, R., Mancini, A., Stoppa, F., Scilingo, E. P., Muratori, F., et al. (2012) · International Conference on Social Computing · doi:10.1109/socialcom-passat.2012.101 · Cited by 19
“Facial expressions are selected using the ECS (Emotional Cartesian Space) [24] where the six basic expressions defined by Ekman (happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, fear are placed and used as input parameters to interpolate additional complex expressions.”
MethodThe physiological measurements as a critical indicator in users' experience evaluation
Liapis, A., & Ξενοσ, Μ. (2013) · Panhellenic Conference on Informatics · doi:10.1145/2491845.2491883 · Cited by 19
“In the field of emotion categorization, Ekman [14] and Russell [15] have used two different approaches.”
MethodGoetz, T., Frenzel, A. C., Stockinger, K., Lipnevich, A. A., Stempfer, L., & Pekrun, R. H. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.14032-1 · Cited by 23
Weierich, M. R., Kleshchova, O., Rieder, J. K., & Reilly, D. M. (2019) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.256 · Cited by 23
Pre-Processing and Emoji Classification of WhatsApp Chats for Sentiment Analysis
Mohta, A., Jain, A., Saluja, A., & Dahiya, S. (2020) · International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC) · doi:10.1109/i-smac49090.2020.9243443 · Cited by 18
“For example Boredom as an emotional state with negative valence, i.e. displeasure and low arousal [13].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- POSNER, J., RUSSELL, J. A., & PETERSON, B. S.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Boston College (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 715-734
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2367156
- OpenAlex
- W2165857685
- Cited by
- 2,602
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 226 · 2023: 213 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 170 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 174 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH‐K02‐74677, MH 36197, R01MH036197, MH59139, R01MH059139, MH-01232, R01MH068318, MH 068318, K08MH001232)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017820)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- circumplex model of affect, basic emotions, affective neuroscience, cognitive development, mood disorders, neural systems, emotion theory
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Arousal, Mental Disorders, Brain, Cognition, Facial Expression, Humans, Nerve Net, Neurosciences, Psychological Theory, Temperament, Visual Perception
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