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The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
The circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations that are the product of two independent neurophysiological systems. This model stands in contrast to theories of basic emotions, which posit that a discrete and independent neural system subserves every emotion. We propose that basic emotion theories no longer explain adequately the vast number of empirical observations from studies in affective neuroscience, and we suggest that a conceptual shift is needed in the empirical approaches taken to the study of emotion and affective psychopathologies. The circumplex model of affect is more consistent with many recent findings from behavioral, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and developmental studies of affect. Moreover, the model offers new theoretical and empirical approaches to studying the development of affective disorders as well as the genetic and cognitive underpinnings of affective processing within the central nervous system. This work was supported in part by NIMH Grants MH01232, MH59139, MH36197, MHK02-74677, and MH068318; a grant from the National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD); NSF Grant BSC-0421702; and funding from the Thomas D. Klingenstein and Nancy D. Perlman Family Fund and the Suzanne Crosby Murphy Endowment at Columbia University.
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“These opposite effects on ISC fit with the proposed distinction between valence and arousal representations in the brain (31,32) and they also highlight the neurobehavioral functions that emotional arousal and valence may have in human social interaction.”
From Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
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“Basedon the circumplexmodel of affect, emotions canbeunderstoodon two independent dimensions, valence and arousal, subserved by dissociable neural systems (Gerber et al., 2008; Posner et al., 2005).”
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“One common technique that has been used to examine the components of emotion, and that may contribute to its influence on cognition, is to characterize emotional stimuli along the dimensions of valence and arousal (Barrett, 2004; Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005 ).”
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“, Circumplex Model of Affects (CMAs) (Posner et al., 2005).”
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“Initially described in 1980,(13) the circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of sensations that are the product of two independent neurophysiological systems—one related to valence (a pleasure–displeasure continuum) and the other to arousal (alertness).(14) Th…”
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“There is now considerable evidence that people represent emotions in these terms (e.g., Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005; Russell, 1980).”
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“The competing theories have resulted in creation of several, very different models, such as the PAD circumplex of emotion (Posner et al., 2005) (see Figure 2.”
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“The two-dimensional, valence-arousal model (VA model) proposed by Russell [12] is one of the most popular dimensional emotion approaches, which is adopted by the major of datasets mentioned in Table 1.”
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“…there is evidence for continuous gradations in the subjective experience of anxiety and fear, as well as only loose coupling of the subjective experience of these emotions with behavioral or physiological responses (DeYoung et al., 2022; Hol-lenstein and Lanteigne, 2014; Posner et al., 2005).”
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“Furthermore, available in-app tools include an ecological momentary assessment tool based on the Circumplex Model of Affect [37], allowing individuals to log their mood in the moment, and reflect back on their entries at a later date to gain insights into longer-term patterns of emotion.”
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The neurobiology of interoception and affect
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“ventral striatum) (Posner et al., 2005) during the presentation of positively valenced words.”
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“…novel image sets were assessed using ratings of valence and arousal derived from circumplex models of emotion described by a number of theorists to reflect activity of two distinct and fundamental neural systems critical for responding to behaviorally relevant environmental stimuli [47] [61] [62].”
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“The goal of this model is to identify emotional states according to a two-dimensional emotion model whose axes are valence and arousal [5].”
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“The Circumplex mood model [35] employed a two-dimensional circumplex to represent the emotional state of the participants: the pleasure dimension measures the degree of positive and negative feelings, and the activeness dimension measures the likelihood for a user to take action under the mood state.”
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“This suggests the following conclusion: (i) the assumption of having orthogonal dimensions in the CMA model, as associated with arousal and valence dimensions, has to be reconsidered.”
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“Items for affective states were chosen based on the two fundamental dimensions of affect suggested by the circumplex model (i.e., valence and arousal; Posner et al., 2005).”
MethodA Failure to Launch: Regulatory Modes and Boredom Proneness
Mugon, J., Struk, A. A., & Danckert, J. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01126 · Cited by 101
Emotions in simulation-based education: friends or foes of learning?
LeBlanc, V. R., & Posner, G. (2022) · Advances in Simulation · doi:10.1186/s41077-021-00198-6 · Cited by 121
“, positive emotions, negative high arousal emotions) influence cognition and behavior in the same way [12, 13].”
BackgroundEmotional and electrophysiological measures correlate to flavour perception in the presence of music
Kantono, K., Hamid, N., Shepherd, D., Lin, Y. H. T., Skiredj, S., & Carr, B. T. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.012 · Cited by 99
Moving Through the Literature: What Is the Emotion Often Denoted Being Moved?
Zickfeld, J., Schubert, T. W., Seibt, B., & Fiske, A. P. (2019) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073918820126 · Cited by 106
Egyptian Arabic speech emotion recognition using prosodic, spectral and wavelet features
Abdel‐Hamid, L. (2020) · Speech Communication · doi:10.1016/j.specom.2020.04.005 · Cited by 98
Erfanian, M., Mitchell, A., Aletta, F., & Kang, J. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101660 · Cited by 98
A Survey on Haptic Technologies for Mobile Augmented Reality
Bermejo, C., & Hui, P. (2021) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3465396 · Cited by 152
Social support agents for older adults: longitudinal affective computing in the home
Ring, L., Shi, L., Totzke, K., & Bickmore, T. (2015) · Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces · doi:10.1007/s12193-014-0157-0 · Cited by 97
“Most researchers categorize mood using Russell and Posner’s circumplex model of affect, which classifies affective state (including mood) in terms of valence and arousal [30].”
Using affective parameters in a content-based recommender system for images
Tkalčič, M., Burnik, U., & Košir, A. (2010) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/s11257-010-9079-z · Cited by 96
Listening to music can influence hedonic and sensory perceptions of gelati
Kantono, K., Hamid, N., Shepherd, D., Yoo, M. J. Y., Grazioli, G., & Carr, B. T. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.143 · Cited by 99
A Survey on Physiological Signal-Based Emotion Recognition
Ahmad, Z., & Khan, N. (2022) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering9110688 · Cited by 99
“The data annotation was based on the subjects’ responses to the two questions regarding level of excitement and pleasantness which were graphed on a 9 square grid, a discretized version of the arousal-valence model [57].”
MethodSrinivasan, R., & Martinez, A. M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2018.2887267 · Cited by 94
Hospitality servicescape effects on customer-employee interactions: A multilevel study
Kaminakis, K., Karantinou, K., Koritos, C., & Gounaris, S. P. (2018) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2018.11.013 · Cited by 101
“…context (i.e. it was originally developed for capturing environmental effects), its broad and consistent use in the extant servicescape literature, and by the evidence on the consistency of circumplex-type measures of affect in comparison to measures of basic emotions (e.g. Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundEye-Tracking Analysis for Emotion Recognition
Tarnowski, P., Kołodziej, M., Majkowski, A., & Rak, R. J. (2020) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2020/2909267 · Cited by 92
Albarracín, D., & Vargas, P. T. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001011 · Cited by 94
Zheng, B. S., Khairunizam, W., Murugappan, M., Ibrahim, N. M., Yuvaraj, R., & Mohamad, K. (2017) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2017.03.016 · Cited by 91
Smith, R., Lane, R. D., Parr, T., & Friston, K. J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.002 · Cited by 89
Prediction of Mood Instability with Passive Sensing
Morshed, M. B., Saha, K., Li, R. C., D’Mello, S. K., Choudhury, M. D., Abowd, G. D., & Plötz, T. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3351233 · Cited by 96
“We quantify each of these affect responses on the two dimensions of Russell’s Circumplex [47], valence and arousal, using the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) lexicon [40].”
MethodFactorized Higher-Order CNNs With an Application to Spatio-Temporal Emotion Estimation
Kossaifi, J., Toisoul, A., Bulat, A., Panagakis, Y., Hospedales, T. M., & Pantić, M. (2020) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.00610 · Cited by 94
“Psychologists have since moved towards more fine grained dimensional measures of affect [35, 38].”
BackgroundNostalgia’s place among self-relevant emotions
van Tilburg, W. A. P., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2018) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1351331 · Cited by 102
“Valence and arousal dimensions emerged in many emotion research traditions, including cognitive appraisal theories (Smith & Ellsworth, 1985), neuroscientific models of emotions (Posner et al., 2005), and emotion expression research (Russell & Bullock, 1985).”
BackgroundMore than a feeling: Emotional cues impact the access and experience of autobiographical memories
Sheldon, S., & Donahue, J. (2017) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-017-0691-6 · Cited by 103
“This follows a larger body of work investigating how aspects of a retrieval cue—from cue modality (Zator & Katz, 2016) to imageability and predictability (Rasmussen & Berntsen, 2014; Williams, Healy, & Ellis, 1999)—modulate the qualitative experience of remembering.”
BackgroundAnhedonia in Depressive Disorder: A Narrative Review
Fruyt, J. D., Sabbe, B., & Demyttenaere, K. (2020) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000508773 · Cited by 97
Towards wireless emotional valence detection from EEG
Brown, L., Grundlehner, B., & Penders, J. (2011) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6090412 · Cited by 90
“Emotional arousal is said to correspond to the level of physiological activation in response to a stimulus, and the valence of the emotion is commonly attributed as the psychological appraisal given to the stimulus [7].”
BackgroundHöfling, T. T. A., Gerdes, A. B. M., Föhl, U., & Alpers, G. W. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01388 · Cited by 96
Wang, J. Z., Zhao, S., Wu, C., Adams, R. B., Newman, M. G., Shafir, T., & Tsachor, R. P. (2023) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2023.3273517 · Cited by 109
“This includes findings that people: 1) are often ill-equipped to describe their own emotions in discrete emotion terms, both in research and clinical settings [36]; 2) show low consensus in their ability to categorize both facial and vocal expressions of emotions in discrete emotion terms [37]; and 3) show high interc…”
BackgroundEmotion detection from EEG recordings
Liu, J., Meng, H., Nandi, A. K., & Li, M. (2016) · International Conference on Natural Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (ICNC-FSKD) · doi:10.1109/fskd.2016.7603437 · Cited by 89
“Russell [2] proposed a two-dimensional model in which emotions were given co-ordinates denoting the degree of valence (the positive or negative quality of emotion) and arousal (how responsive or energetic the subject is).”
BackgroundBehavioral Economic Analysis of Cue-Elicited Craving for Tobacco: A Virtual Reality Study
Acker, J. D., & MacKillop, J. M. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts341 · Cited by 88
Metadata
- Authors
- POSNER, J., RUSSELL, J. A., & PETERSON, B. S.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Boston College (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 715-734
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2367156
- OpenAlex
- W2165857685
- Cited by
- 2,602
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 226 · 2023: 213 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 170 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 174 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH‐K02‐74677, MH 36197, R01MH036197, MH59139, R01MH059139, MH-01232, R01MH068318, MH 068318, K08MH001232)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017820)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- circumplex model of affect, basic emotions, affective neuroscience, cognitive development, mood disorders, neural systems, emotion theory
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Arousal, Mental Disorders, Brain, Cognition, Facial Expression, Humans, Nerve Net, Neurosciences, Psychological Theory, Temperament, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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