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The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
The circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations that are the product of two independent neurophysiological systems. This model stands in contrast to theories of basic emotions, which posit that a discrete and independent neural system subserves every emotion. We propose that basic emotion theories no longer explain adequately the vast number of empirical observations from studies in affective neuroscience, and we suggest that a conceptual shift is needed in the empirical approaches taken to the study of emotion and affective psychopathologies. The circumplex model of affect is more consistent with many recent findings from behavioral, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and developmental studies of affect. Moreover, the model offers new theoretical and empirical approaches to studying the development of affective disorders as well as the genetic and cognitive underpinnings of affective processing within the central nervous system. This work was supported in part by NIMH Grants MH01232, MH59139, MH36197, MHK02-74677, and MH068318; a grant from the National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD); NSF Grant BSC-0421702; and funding from the Thomas D. Klingenstein and Nancy D. Perlman Family Fund and the Suzanne Crosby Murphy Endowment at Columbia University.
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“These opposite effects on ISC fit with the proposed distinction between valence and arousal representations in the brain (31,32) and they also highlight the neurobehavioral functions that emotional arousal and valence may have in human social interaction.”
From Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
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“[11] This study begins by sending raw EEG data from the DEAP dataset [8] through various deep learning models, including Long short-term memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM (bi-LSTM), and CNN to discover which deep learning model performs best (RQ1).”
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“Furthermore, results supported the basics of the Valence and Arousal Circumplex Model Affect (Posner et al., 2005; Russell, 1980) and the framework of job-related affect proposed by Warr (2007) applied to non English-speaking samples of employees.”
ResultIdentifying emotions in images from valence and arousal ratings
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“Research has long noted that people do not experience or recognize emotions as isolated, discrete entities, but as ambiguous and overlapping experiences [55].”
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“EMA items assessing positive and negative affect were based on the circumplex model composed of valence and arousal [12] in mothers and children with four response options: “not at all,” “a little,” “quite a bit,” and “extremely.”
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Samuel, O. O., Walker, G. H., Salmon, P. M., Filtness, A., Stevens, N., Mulvihill, C. M., Payne, S. R., & Stanton, N. A. (2019) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.018 · Cited by 23
Real-time emotion recognition system with multiple physiological signals
Zhuang, J.-R., Guan, Y.-J., Nagayoshi, H., Muramatsu, K., WATANUKI, K., & Tanaka, E. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design Systems and Manufacturing · doi:10.1299/jamdsm.2019jamdsm0075 · Cited by 23
“Figure 1 (Posner et al., 2005) describes a 2D emotion model using two indicators, valence and arousal, of emotional state measurement.”
MethodCassara, M., Schertzer, K. A., Falk, M., Wong, A. H.-W., Hock, S. M., Bentley, S., Paetow, G., Conlon, L. W., Hughes, P. G., McKenna, R. T., et al. (2019) · AEM Education and Training · doi:10.1002/aet2.10418 · Cited by 22
A Comparative Study of Mental States in 2D and 3D Virtual Environments Using EEG
Bilgin, P., Agres, K., Robinson, N., Wai, A. A. P., & Guan, C. (2019) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2019.8914326 · Cited by 26
“induce relaxation and arousal, respectively [15].”
BackgroundCastro, M., Guevara, C. Á., & Jimenez-Molina, A. (2020) · Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2020.102712 · Cited by 25
“In the same way, on the horizontal axis a positive valence is associated with pleasant states and the contrary with a negative one (Posner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundTian, L., Oviatt, S. L., Muszyński, M., Chamberlain, B. C., Healey, J., & Sano, A. (2022) · ACM eBooks · doi:10.1145/3502398 · Cited by 25
Ventura‐Bort, C., Wendt, J., & Weymar, M. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14088 · Cited by 27
Robotic Presence: The Effects of Anthropomorphism and Robot State on Task Performance and Emotion
Kim, L. H., Domova, V., Yao, Y., Huang, C., Follmer, S., & Paredes, P. E. (2022) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2022.3181726 · Cited by 26
“For example, experiments on different test robot platforms have shown that speed and acceleration can be used to elicit feelings along the arousal axis in the circumplex model of affect [20], [21], [22].”
Lomas, T., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23512 · Cited by 28
Emotion-Aware Recommender Systems – A Framework and a Case Study
Tkalčič, M., Burnik, U., Odić, A., Košir, A., & Tasič, J. F. (2013) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37169-1_14 · Cited by 23
Happiness in action: the impact of positive affect on the time of the conscious intention to act
Rigoni, D., Demanet, J., & Sartori, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01307 · Cited by 27
“…and anger are similar in arousal but opposite to each other in valence (Russell, 1980; Posner et al., 2005), one can reasonably argue that the effects of the mood manipulation on intention awareness is driven by an increase of pleasant emotions in the Positive condition as compared to the…”
BackgroundResultEvaluating Four Devices that Present Operator Emotions in Real-time
Mattsson, S., Partini, J., & Fast–Berglund, Å. (2016) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.05.013 · Cited by 24
“Russell ́s Circumplex Model of affect [1].”
BackgroundCao, H.-L., Esteban, P. G., Albert, D. B., Simut, R., de Perre, G. V., Lefeber, D., & Vanderborght, B. (2017) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-017-0405-z · Cited by 23
“Since emotions play an important role in making the human–robot interaction more natural [8,25], they are integrated into behaviors by using a two-dimensional space model consisting of valence and arousal, based on the circumplex model of affect defined by Russell [42].”
MethodA Vibrotactile Alarm System for Pleasant Awakening
Κορρές, Γ., Jensen, C. B. F., Park, W., Bartsch, C., & Eid, M. A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2018.2804952 · Cited by 23
“tributed into these two scales is shown in Russell’s model [23] in Fig.”
MethodNeurophysiological Markers for Passive Brain–Computer Interfaces
Roy, R. N., & Frey, J. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781119144977.ch5 · Cited by 23
Toward an Integrative Approach to the Study of Positive-Affect-Related Aggression
Quansah, J. E., & Gagnon, J. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231200421 · Cited by 22
“Valence refers to the subjective evaluation of the experience as being either positive (pleasant) or negative (aversive) in quality, whereas arousal (or alertness) pertains to the degree in which a stimulus or event engages the individual (Posner et al., 2005).”
MoodShaper: A Virtual Reality Experience to Support Managing Negative Emotions
Wagener, N., Kiesewetter, A., Reicherts, L., Woźniak, P. W., Schöning, J., Rogers, Y., & Niess, J. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3661570 · Cited by 29
Cartocci, G., Modica, E., Rossi, D., Maglione, A. G., Venuti, I., Rossi, G., Corsi, E., & Babiloni, F. (2016) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7591751 · Cited by 22
“In the attempt to match SCL and HR signals we referred to the circumplex model of affect plane [17; 18], where the coordinates of a point in the space are defined by the HR (horizontal axis) to describe the valence and by the SCL (vertical axis) to describe the arousal phenomena [see 19 for a review].”
MethodThe "hot" side of proactivity: Exploring an affect-based perspective on proactivity in organizations
Cangiano, F., Bindl, U. K., & Parker, S. K. (2017) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · doi:10.4324/9781315797113-22 · Cited by 22
Theories of Emotional Development: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Now?
Buss, K. A., Cole, P. M., & Zhou, A. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17332-6_2 · Cited by 29
Watts, L. L., McIntosh, T. J., Gibson, C., Mulhearn, T. J., Medeiros, K. E., Mecca, J. T., & Cohen‐Charash, Y. (2019) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.427 · Cited by 22
In Contact: Pinching, Squeezing and Twisting for Mediated Social Touch
Simons, M. F., Haynes, A., Gao, Y., Zhu, Y., & Rossiter, J. M. (2020) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3334480.3382798 · Cited by 22
“, 3 females) were asked to wear the of their forearm orientated as shown in on the device was separately activated 67 V, 2.5 V and 5 V), as described in were asked to rate the strength and sensation on a scale of 1-10, consistent model of affect [22].”
MethodInfluentialReal-Time Affective Measurements in Medical Education, Using Virtual and Mixed Reality
Antoniou, P. E., Arfaras, G., Pandria, N., Ntakakis, G., Bambatsikos, E., & Athanasiou, A. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60735-7_9 · Cited by 22
Łaguna, M., Mielniczuk, E., & Gorgievski, M. J. (2020) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12288 · Cited by 21
Emotional performance on physics and chemistry learning: the case of Spanish K-9 and K-10 students
Acedo, M. A. D., Cañada, F. C., Sánchez‐Martín, J., Airado‐Rodríguez, D., & Jiménez, V. M. (2021) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2021.1889069 · Cited by 24
“But it is a fact that teaching and learning activities are strongly charged with beliefs, attitudes and emotions stimulated and directed towards people, but also towards values and ideals, as old (Posner et al., 2005) and recent pieces of research point out (King et al., 2015; Mellado et al., 2014).”
BackgroundGuided Spatial Transformers for Facial Expression Recognition
Luna-Jiménez, C., Cristóbal-Martín, J., Kleinlein, R., Gil-Martín, M., Moya, J. M., & Fernández-Martínez, F. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11167217 · Cited by 22
“For this reason, and following the theories of J.Posner and J. Rusell [20], we assigned the positive valence to those images categorized as ‘happy’, the neutral valence to the ‘neutral’ images, and the rest of the samples to the negative valence set.”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- POSNER, J., RUSSELL, J. A., & PETERSON, B. S.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Boston College (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 715-734
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2367156
- OpenAlex
- W2165857685
- Cited by
- 2,602
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 226 · 2023: 213 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 170 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 174 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH‐K02‐74677, MH 36197, R01MH036197, MH59139, R01MH059139, MH-01232, R01MH068318, MH 068318, K08MH001232)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017820)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- circumplex model of affect, basic emotions, affective neuroscience, cognitive development, mood disorders, neural systems, emotion theory
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Arousal, Mental Disorders, Brain, Cognition, Facial Expression, Humans, Nerve Net, Neurosciences, Psychological Theory, Temperament, Visual Perception
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