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The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
The circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations that are the product of two independent neurophysiological systems. This model stands in contrast to theories of basic emotions, which posit that a discrete and independent neural system subserves every emotion. We propose that basic emotion theories no longer explain adequately the vast number of empirical observations from studies in affective neuroscience, and we suggest that a conceptual shift is needed in the empirical approaches taken to the study of emotion and affective psychopathologies. The circumplex model of affect is more consistent with many recent findings from behavioral, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and developmental studies of affect. Moreover, the model offers new theoretical and empirical approaches to studying the development of affective disorders as well as the genetic and cognitive underpinnings of affective processing within the central nervous system. This work was supported in part by NIMH Grants MH01232, MH59139, MH36197, MHK02-74677, and MH068318; a grant from the National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD); NSF Grant BSC-0421702; and funding from the Thomas D. Klingenstein and Nancy D. Perlman Family Fund and the Suzanne Crosby Murphy Endowment at Columbia University.
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“These opposite effects on ISC fit with the proposed distinction between valence and arousal representations in the brain (31,32) and they also highlight the neurobehavioral functions that emotional arousal and valence may have in human social interaction.”
From Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
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Zhang, X., Li, W., Ying, H., Li, F., Tang, S., & Lu, S. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3004376 · Cited by 43
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Xie, H., Mitsuhashi, K., & Torii, T. (2019) · Augmented Human International Conference · doi:10.1145/3311823.3311847 · Cited by 42
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“…autistic children to promote social engagement and emotionally-aware interactions, specifically, “assisting in the diagnostic process, improving eye contact and self-initiated interactions, turn-taking activities, imitation, emotion, recognition, joint attention and triadic interactions” [68:1].”
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“…(Darwin, 1872; Ekman, 1992; James and Lange, 1922; Panksepp, 1998; LeDoux, 2000), and dimensional-constructivist/cognitive (e.g., Russell, 1980; Posner et al., 2005), where stimuli are in the sensorial and/or cognitive domain of the subjects and are directly experienced by them in experiments…”
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“Emotions are often presented using so-called circumplex model [13].”
Personalized Synthesis of Intentional and Emotional Non-Verbal Sounds for Social Robots
Ritschel, H., Aslan, I., Mertes, S., Seiderer, A., & André, E. (2019) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2019.8925487 · Cited by 37
“Song and Yamada [14] use colors (white, green, blue, red), beep sounds and vibrations with different intensity for expressing four emotions based on the circumplex model of affect [21] with their appearance-constrained Maru robot.”
BackgroundHevel, D. J., Dunton, G. F., & Maher, J. P. (2020) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa027 · Cited by 38
Social media and COVID-19 misinformation: how ignorant Facebook users are?
Al-Zaman, M. S. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07144 · Cited by 46
“Worth mentioning that many theorists addressed the circumplex theory of emotion (Posner et al., 2005; Russell, 1980) as more effective than the basic emotion theory to understand both the emotional valence (positive and negative) and the emotional arousal (high and low) (Gu et al.”
Hardware Acceleration of EEG-Based Emotion Classification Systems: A Comprehensive Survey
Gonzalez, H. A., George, R., Muzaffar, S., Acevedo, J., Höppner, S., Mayr, C., Yoo, J., Fitzek, F. H. P., & Elfadel, I. M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2021.3089132 · Cited by 39
“…andmergeoneintoanother,contemporarydimensionalmodels breakdowntheemotionalspectrumintotwo,sometimesthree, elementalcomponentsthatcorrespondwithwellunderstood signallingpathwayswithinthebrain-stemandcortexandwhose combinationgiverisetoemotionalphenomenologies[229].”
MethodMood Worlds: A Virtual Environment for Autonomous Emotional Expression
Wagener, N., Niess, J., Rogers, Y., & Schöning, J. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501861 · Cited by 44
“Recently, real-time emotion annotation in VR, e.g. by Xue et al. [90], which is based on the Circumplex Model [61], has been added to the list of self-reports.”
BackgroundInfluentialSánchez-Reolid, R., de la Rosa, F. L., Sánchez-Reolid, D., López, M. T., & Fernández‐Caballero, A. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22228886 · Cited by 44
MacKenzie, M. J., Carlson, L. E., Paskevich, D. M., Panteleimon Ekkekakis, A., Wurz, A. J., Wytsma, K., Krenz, K. A., McAuley, E., & Culos-Reed, S. N. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.04.005 · Cited by 44
A Formal Valuation Framework for Emotions and Their Control
Huys, Q. J. M., & Renz, D. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.07.003 · Cited by 39
Burns, R. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-082-7_251 · Cited by 47
Rodriguez, M., Pratt, S., Bellet, B. W., & McNally, R. J. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12887 · Cited by 44
AI technologies in the analysis of visual advertising messages: survey and application
Sharakhina, L. V., Ilyina, I., Kaplun, D., Teor, T. R., & Kulibanova, V. (2023) · Journal of Marketing Analytics · doi:10.1057/s41270-023-00255-1 · Cited by 44
“Researchers have proposed a description of emotions in terms of a set of traits that determine fundamentally different experiences and speak of “a neural basis for positive or negative affective temperaments” (Posner et al. 2005).”
Music tempo modulates emotional states as revealed through EEG insights
Yang, Z., Su, Q., Xie, J., Su, H., Huang, T., Han, C., Zhang, S., Zhang, K., & Xu, G. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-92679-1 · Cited by 49
“Some emotional theoretical models describe arousal and valence as orthogonal 55 .”
Emotional influences on sit-to-walk in healthy young adults
Kang, G. E., & Gross, M. M. (2015) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.01.009 · Cited by 36
Intensifying Emotional Reactions via Tactile Gestures in Immersive Films
Karafotias, G., Teranishi, A., Κορρές, Γ., Eyssel, F., Copti, S., & Eid, M. A. (2017) · ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications · doi:10.1145/3092840 · Cited by 36
“Emotions are classified based on a continuous valued scale of two categories: arousal and valence [Posner et al. 2005].”
BackgroundEmotions Trump Facts: The Role of Emotions in on Social Media: A Literature Review
Hyvärinen, H., & Beck, R. (2018) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2018.226 · Cited by 41
“Others conceptualize emotions situated along dimensions like pleasure (also referred to as valence), arousal (also referred to as activation), and dominance, such as the PleasureArousal-Dominance (PAD) emotional state model [28] or Russell’s circumplex model of affect [29] (used e.”
MethodDesigning Supportive Soundscapes for Nursing Home Residents with Dementia
Devos, P., Aletta, F., Thomas, P., Petrović, M., Mynsbrugge, T. V., VELDE, D. V. D., VRIENDT, P. D., & Botteldooren, D. B. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16244904 · Cited by 36
“The potential of using sound for changing mood will be discussed within the framework of the circumplex model of mood [57,58].”
BackgroundJakubowski, K., & Eerola, T. (2021) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.09.002 · Cited by 41
Tuckett, D., Smith, R. E., & Nyman, R. (2014) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2014.03.001 · Cited by 36
The Relationship Between Emotions and Learning in Simulation-Based Education
LeBlanc, V. R. (2019) · Simulation in Healthcare The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare · doi:10.1097/sih.0000000000000379 · Cited by 37
Speech Emotion Recognition Using CNN-LSTM and Vision Transformer
Kumar, C. S. A., Maharana, A. D., Krishnan, S. M., Hanuma, S. S. S., Lal, G. J., & Ravi, V. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27499-2_8 · Cited by 38
Categorical processing of negative emotions from speech prosody
Jaywant, A., & Pell, M. D. (2011) · Speech Communication · doi:10.1016/j.specom.2011.05.011 · Cited by 35
“For example, dimensional accounts of emotional processing (Gerber et al., 2008; Posner et al., 2005) have posited that affective information can be represented along underlying continua such as valence (positive–negative) and arousal (high–low).”
BackgroundSubjective quality of leisure & worker well-being: Validating measures & testing theory
Kuykendall, L. E., Lei, X., Tay, L., Cheung, H. K., Kolze, M., Lindsey, A., Silvers, M., & Engelsted, L. (2017) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.07.007 · Cited by 39
La simulación como modelo de enseñanza en cirugía
Ruiz-Gómez, J. L., Martín-Parra, J. I., Noriega, M. G., Redondo-Figuero, C. G., & Manuel-Palazuelos, J. C. (2017) · Cirugía Española · doi:10.1016/j.ciresp.2017.09.005 · Cited by 35
Emotional Recognition and Empathy both in Deaf and Blind Adults
Martins, A. T., Faísca, L., Vieira, H., & Gonçalves, G. (2018) · The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/eny046 · Cited by 40
Helmich, M. A., Smit, A. C., Bringmann, L. F., Schreuder, M. J., Oldehinkel, A. J., Wichers, M., & Snippe, E. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221137006 · Cited by 48
“To that end, individual items were standardized, person-mean centered, and averaged to create four variables based on the affect circumplex (Posner et al., 2005; Yik et al., 1999): positive affect high arousal (“cheerful,” “energetic”), positive affect low arousal (“content,” “at ease”), negative…”
MethodFreitag, G. F., Grassie, H. L., Jeong, A., Mallidi, A., Comer, J. S., Ehrenreich, J. T., & Brotman, M. A. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.866 · Cited by 43
Metadata
- Authors
- POSNER, J., RUSSELL, J. A., & PETERSON, B. S.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Boston College (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 715-734
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2367156
- OpenAlex
- W2165857685
- Cited by
- 2,602
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 226 · 2023: 213 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 266 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 170 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 174 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH‐K02‐74677, MH 36197, R01MH036197, MH59139, R01MH059139, MH-01232, R01MH068318, MH 068318, K08MH001232)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017820)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- circumplex model of affect, basic emotions, affective neuroscience, cognitive development, mood disorders, neural systems, emotion theory
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Arousal, Mental Disorders, Brain, Cognition, Facial Expression, Humans, Nerve Net, Neurosciences, Psychological Theory, Temperament, Visual Perception
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