The influence of a camouflage net barrier on the behaviour, welfare and public perceptions of zoo-housed gorillas
Open accessAbstract
Visitors to zoos can be a potential source of stress to captive-housed primates, resulting in increased abnormal behaviour and intra-group aggression. Finding a way to screen primates from human visitors may be one method of decreasing stress and enhancing animal welfare. For this study, the behaviour of six zoo-housed gorillas was studied for one month during standard housing conditions (control condition) and for a further month following the installation of a camouflage net barrier to the viewing area of the exhibit (barrier condition). Visitors’ (n = 200) perceptions of the animals and the exhibit were also recorded during each condition. The net barrier had a significant effect on some components of the gorillas’ behaviour. The gorillas exhibited significantly lower levels of conspecific-directed aggression and stereotypic behaviours during the barrier than the control condition. The net barrier also had a slight effect on visitors’ perceptions both of the animals and of their exhibit. The gorillas were considered to look more exciting and less aggressive during the barrier than the control condition. The exhibit was also considered to be more appropriate for visitors following the introduction of the camouflage netting. Overall, the addition of a screen such as camouflage netting could be considered a positive change, resulting in a reduction in those behaviours typically induced by large groups of visitors and an improvement in public perceptions of the animals and their environment.
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Visitors can have negative, neutral or positive impacts on zoo animal behaviour and welfare.
“Decades of research on the visitor effect in zoos has demonstrated that visitors can have negative, neutral or positive impacts on zoo animal behaviour and welfare.”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
The Introduction says visitors may be a source of stress, and Animal welfare implications links their presence to aggression and stereotypic behaviour in the gorillas. The Introduction also describes visitor stimulation as potentially enriching, but the paper does not establish positive welfare effects or a neutral visitor effect; its finding that the barrier had little effect on most behaviours is not the same claim. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredReducing visual contact with visitors by using camouflage netting or one-way vision screens has been found to reduce intragroup aggression and stereotypic behaviours in Western lowland gorilla and Black-capped capuchins.
“For example, reducing visual contact with visitors by using camouflage netting or one-way vision screens has been found to reduced intragroup aggression and stereotypic behaviours such as repetitive teeth clenching, body rocking, pacing and self-scratching in Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and Black-capped capuchins (Sapajus apella) [22,23,24].”
From Effect of Covering a Visitor Viewing Area Window on the Behaviour of Zoo-Housed Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
Camouflage netting and one-way vision screens improved gorilla and black-capped capuchin welfare through reduction of visual contact with visitors and likely by reducing potentially threatening visitor behaviours.
“This is to some extent supported by previous studies that, while not measuring visitor behaviour specifically, found camouflage netting and one-way vision screens improved gorilla and black-capped capuchin welfare through the reduction of visual contact with visitors but also likely by reducing potentially threatening visitor behaviours as a result of the visual barriers being in place [22,23,24].”
From Effect of Covering a Visitor Viewing Area Window on the Behaviour of Zoo-Housed Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
The literature on the effects of visitor interactions on zoo animals is ambiguous, with studies providing evidence for negative, neutral and positive impacts.
“However, the literature on the effects of visitor interactions on zoo animals is somewhat ambiguous, with studies providing evidence for a range of impacts interpreted as negative [12,13], neutral [14,15] and positive [16].”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Visual barrier treatments resulted in significantly less aggressive behaviour and abnormal behaviour in gorilla and black capped capuchin studies.
“The visual barrier treatments resulted in significantly less aggressive behavior and abnormal behavior in both the gorilla study [12] and the black capped capuchin study [52].”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Blaney and Wells reported that visitors tended to speak less and more quietly when the net was in place.
“They also reported that visitors tended to speak less and more quietly when the net was in place.”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Blaney and Wells found that visitor perception of gorillas and their exhibit was more positive when the camouflage net was in place.
“The authors found that visitor perception of gorillas and their exhibit was more positive when the net was in place”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Blaney and Wells suggested that visitor behaviour varied markedly between the two conditions with the camouflage net encouraging quieter, more relaxed visitor behaviours, including less time banging on the glass.
“they also suggested that visitor behaviour varied markedly between the two conditions with the camouflage net encouraging quieter, more relaxed visitor behaviours, including less time banging on the glass.”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
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Perdue, B. M., & Maple, T. L. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800622715.0002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Edes, A. N., Baskir, E. A., Riepl, E., Musgrave, K. E., Edwards, K. L., Kozlowski, C. P., McElya, M., & Powell, D. (2025) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.70016 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mayagoitia-Novales, L., Cerda‐Molina, A. L., Martín-Guerrero, M. A., Muñoz-Zamudio, E., Estudillo-Mendoza, G. R., & Borráz-León, J. I. (2024) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology13020124 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Leroy, H., Montedoro, C., Guéry, J., & Hance, T. (2024) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2024.106433 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The ‘Visitor Effect’ in Non-primate Zoo Species: What Do We Know and Where Should We Go Next?
Williams, E., Hunton, V., Ward, S. J., & Hosey, G. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800622715.0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Measuring the Visitor Experience
Chiew, S. J., Learmonth, M. J., & Hemsworth, L. M. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800622715.0011
Close and frightening: predator presence affects cortisol levels in captive felines
Volobueva, K. A., & Naidenko, S. V. (2024) · Russian Journal of Theriology · doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.23.2.08
- Authors
- Blaney, E., & Wells, D.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wells, DL
- Venue
- Animal Welfare
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 111-118
- ISSN
- 0962-7286 (ISSN-L)
- 2054-1538
- OpenAlex
- W2583089723
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Animal Welfare (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universities Federation for Animal Welfare
- Queen's University Belfast
- Queen's University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Museology › Museums and Cultural Heritage
- Keywords
- gorillas, zoo animals, abnormal behaviour, stereotypy, public perception, zoo exhibits, captive primates
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