Sources of stress in captivity

Morgan, Kathleen N.; Tromborg, Chris T.

doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.032

Cited by 1,085Animal Behavior and Welfare StudiesPrimate Behavior and EcologyWildlife Ecology and Conservation

Sources of stress in captivity

Morgan, Kathleen N., Tromborg, Chris T.·2007·Applied Animal Behaviour Science

DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.032

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Elephants do not fare well in captivity.
“do not fare well in captivity (Clubb & Mason, 2003;Morgan & Tromborg, 2007;Mason, 2010;Fischer & Romero, 2018).”
From Continuing challenges of elephant captivity: the captive environment, health issues, and welfare implications (2024) · cites this paper as Morgan & Tromborg, 2007
Animal welfare risks in confined breeding conditions arise from confined spaces, inappropriate group sizes, exposure to artificial light, loud or distressing sounds, strong odours, uncomfortable temperatures, and unsuitable flooring.
“Animal welfare risks in such conditions arise from confined spaces, inappropriate group sizes, exposure to artificial light, loud or distressing sounds, strong odours, uncomfortable temperatures, and unsuitable flooring.”
From Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding (2024) · cites this paper as [210]
Confined breeding conditions can result in health hazards, hindrance in displaying natural behaviours, restricted movement, disrupted resting patterns, sensory overload, stress from isolation, and an inability to engage in playful behaviour.
“These conditions can result in health hazards, hindrance in displaying natural behaviours, restricted movement, disrupted resting patterns, sensory overload, stress from isolation, and an inability to engage in playful behaviour [209,210].”
From Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding (2024) · cites this paper as [210]
An area in which to retreat may minimise visitor-induced stress on zoo animals by providing choice and control over interactions with visitors.
“Research has shown that an area in which to retreat may minimise visitor-induced stress on zoo animals by providing a level of choice and control over their interactions with visitors [61,62,63,64].”
From Effect of Covering a Visitor Viewing Area Window on the Behaviour of Zoo-Housed Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) (2020) · cites this paper as [61]
Animals in zoos are often subjected to microclimatic conditions that can differ greatly from their natural habitat, and to which their species is not usually adapted.
“Moreover, animals in zoos are often subjected to microclimatic conditions that can differ greatly from their natural habitat, and to which their species is not usually adapted (Morgan and Tromborg, 2007).”
From Effect of weather conditions and presence of visitors on adrenocortical activity in captive African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) (2017) · cites this paper as Morgan and Tromborg, 2007

The zoo exhibit design influences the well-being of captive animals.
“Particularly, it is known that the zoo exhibit design influences the well-being of captive animals (Morgan and Tromborg, 2007;Young et al., 2013).”
From Effect of weather conditions and presence of visitors on adrenocortical activity in captive African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) (2017) · cites this paper as Morgan and Tromborg, 2007
A recurring finding across many species is that the ability for an animal to control its exposure to stimuli can play a major role in how it copes in captivity.
“A recurring finding across many species is that the ability for an animal to control its exposure to such stimuli can play a major role in how it copes in captivity [138].”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [138]
The ability for an animal to retreat from visitors can reduce or mitigate any stress associated with visitors.
“it is clear that the ability for an animal to retreat from visitors can reduce or mitigate any stress associated with visitors [116,131,138,141,142].”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [138]
Enclosures that provide captive animals with a level of choice and control over interactions with visitors, for example by providing an area to retreat, can help minimise visitor-induced stress.
“Like animals in other captive settings, research has shown that enclosures that provide zoos animals with a level of choice and control over the interactions with visitors, for example by providing an area to retreat, can help minimise visitor-induced stress (Owen et al. 2004;Ross 2006;Morgan and Tromborg 2007).”
From Effects of the presence of zoo visitors on zoo‐housed little penguins ( Eudyptula minor ) (2022) · cites this paper as Morgan and Tromborg 2007

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Effects of pen size, partial stalls and method of feeding on welfare-related behavioural and physiological responses of group-housed pigs
Barnett, J. L., Hemsworth, P. H., Cronin, G. M., Newman, E. A., McCallum, T. H., & Chilton, D. (1992) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(05)80116-9 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Deep Woodchip Litter: Hygiene, Feeding, and Behavioral Enhancement in Eight Primate Species
Chamove, A. S., Anderson, J. R., Morgan‐Jones, S. C., et al. (1982) · WBI Studies Repository · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Control and Complexity in Novel Object Enrichment
Sambrook, T. D., & Buchanan‐Smith, H. M. (1997) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600019801 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
benefits of positive human interaction for socially-housed chimpanzees
Baker, K. (2004) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600026981 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Effect of feed and environmental enrichment on development of stereotypic wire-gnawing in laboratory mice
Würbel, H., Chapman, R., & Rutland, C. (1998) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(98)00150-6 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Effects of predictable versus unpredictable feeding schedules on chimpanzee behavior
Bloomsmith, M. A., & Lambeth, S. P. (1995) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(95)00570-i · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Evidence that zoo visitors influence HPA activity in spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyii rufiventris)
Davis, N., Schaffner, C. M., & Smith, T. E. (2005) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.020 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Social Displays of the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
VLIET, K. A. (1989) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/29.3.1019 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Can video images imitate real stimuli in animal behaviour experiments?
D’Eath, R. B. (1998) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s0006323198005179 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The Role of Environment and Management on Leg Abnormalities in Meat-Type Fowl
Hester, P. Y. (1994) · Poultry Science · doi:10.3382/ps.0730904 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Behavioural responses to humans and the productivity of commercial broiler chickens
Hemsworth, P. H., Coleman, G. J., Barnett, J. L., et al. (1994) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(94)90055-8 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The effects of modifying the amount of human contact on behavioural, physiological and production responses of laying hens
Barnett, J. L., Hemsworth, P. H., Hennessy, D. P., et al. (1994) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(94)90054-x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Stress-like responses to common procedures in individually and group-housed female rats.
Sharp, J. L., Zammit, T. G., Azar, T. A., & Lawson, D. M. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Modulation of Aggression in Male Mice: Influence of Cage Cleaning Regime and Scent Marks
Loo, P. L. P. V., Kruitwagen, C. L. J. J., van Zutphen, L. F. M., Koolhaas, J. M., & Baumans, V. (2000) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600022752 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
A quantitative assessment of the efficacy of an environmental enrichment programme for giant pandas
Swaisgood, R. R., White, A. M., Zhou, X., Zhang, H., Zhang, G., Wei, R., Hare, V. J., Tepper, E. M., & Lindburg, D. G. (2001) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1610 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Monitoring stress in captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): behavioral and hormonal responses to ambient noise
Owen, M. A., Swaisgood, R. R., Czekala, N. M., Steinman, K., & Lindburg, D. G. (2004) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10124 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Preferences of dairy cows kept in unheated buildings for different kind of cubicle flooring
Manninen, E., de Passille, A. M., Rushen, J., Norring, M., & Saloniemi, H. S. (2002) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(01)00206-4 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Causation of the ontogenetic development of stereotypic digging in gerbils
Wiedenmayer, C. P. (1997) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0296 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The effects of sex, reproductive condition and context on discrimination of conspecific odours by giant pandas
Swaisgood, R. R., Lindburg, D. G., Zhou, X., & Owen, M. A. (2000) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1464 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Prenatal stress and postnatal development of neonatal rats — sex‐dependent effects on emotional behavior and learning ability of neonatal rats
Nishio, H., Kasuga, S., Ushijima, M., & Harada, Y. (2001) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00070-8 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
What time is feeding?
Waitt, C. D., & Buchanan‐Smith, H. M. (2001) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(01)00174-5 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Factors predicting increased incidence of abnormal behavior in male pigtailed macaques
Bellanca, R. U., & Crockett, C. M. (2002) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.10052 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Maintaining Behavioural Diversity in Captivity for Conservation: Natural Behaviour Management
Rabin, L. A. (2003) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600025409 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Stereotypic behavior in Asiatic black and Malayan sun bears
Vickery, S. S., & Mason, G. J. (2004) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20027 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Sound levels in rooms housing laboratory animals: An uncontrolled daily variable
Milligan, S. R., Sales, G., & Khirnykh, K. (1993) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90361-i · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Evaluating and minimising social stress in the care of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus)
Waples, K. A., & Gales, N. J. (2002) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10004 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Olfactory sensitivity to the pheromone, androstenone, is sexually dimorphic in the pig
Dorries, K. M., Adkins–Regan, E., & Halpern, B. P. (1995) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)00225-t · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Stress and Glucocorticoids in Aging
Sapolsky, R. M., Armanini, M. P., Packan, D. R., & Tombaugh, G. C. (1987) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(18)30453-5 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Environmental influences on stereotypy and the activity budget of Indian leopards (Panthera pardus) in four zoos in Southern India
Mallapur, A., & Chellam, R. (2002) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10063 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Effects of Simulated Jet Aircraft Noise on Heart Rate and Behavior of Desert Ungulates
Weisenberger, M. E., Krausman, P. R., Wallace, M. C., et al. (1996) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3802039 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Stress, stereotypies and welfare
Dantzer, R. (1991) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/0376-6357(91)90012-o · Cited by 103 · see citing works
On Comparing the Behaviour of Zoo Housed Animals with Wild Conspecifics as a Welfare Indicator, Using The Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis)as a Model
Veasey, J. S., Waran, N. K., & Young, R. J. (1996) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600018571 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The effects of physical characteristics of the environment and feeding regime on the behavior of captive felids
Lyons, J., Young, R. J., & Deag, J. M. (1997) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1997)16:1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Selection of bedded and unbedded areas by pigs in relation to environmental temperature and behaviour
Fraser, D. J. (1985) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(85)90023-1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Behavioral deficits induced by bingelike exposure to alcohol in neonatal rats: Importance of developmental timing and number of episodes
Thomas, J. D., Wasserman, E. A., West, J. R., & Goodlett, C. R. (1996) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199607)29:5 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Behavioral Aspects of Stress
Friend, T. H. (1991) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78173-3 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Extension of reproductive suppression by pheromonal cues in subordinate female marmoset monkeys, Callithrix jacchus
Barrett, J. J., Abbott, D. H., & George, L. M. (1990) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0900411 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Environmental influences on the activity of captive apes
Wilson, S. F. (1982) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430010304 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Effect of cage bedding on temperature regulation and metabolism of group-housed female mice.
Gordon, C. J. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The influence of zoo visitors on the behaviour of captive primates
Hosey, G., & Druck, P. L. (1987) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(87)90251-6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The influence of olfactory enrichment on the behaviour of captive black-footed cats, Felis nigripes
Wells, D. L., & Egli, J. (2003) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2003.08.013 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Experimental psychopathology : recent research and theory
Kimmel, H. D., & Amsel, A. (1971) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Effect of sound on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Henkin, R. I., & Knigge, K. M. (1963) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1963.204.4.710 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Untitled work
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Lighting in the animal environment.
Bellhorn, R. W. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Human sensitivity to flicker
Brundrett, G. (1974) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/096032717400600302 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Effect of sensory stimulation on the activity of normal and prefrontal-lobectomized monkeys.
Isaac, W. L., & Devito, J. L. (1958) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041433 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Animals in Translation
Johnson, C., & Grandin, T. (2005) · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Intact carcasses as enrichment for large felids: Effects on on‐ and off‐exhibit behaviors
McPhee, M. E. (2002) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10033 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The influence of the zoo environment on social behavior of groups of cotton‐topped tamarins, Saguinus oedipus oedipus
Glatston, A. R., Geilvoet‐Soeteman, E., Hora‐Pecek, E., & Van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (1984) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430030307 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Ultrasonic vocalizations as an index of social memory in female mice.
D'Amato, F. R., & Moles, A. (2001) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.115.4.834 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Limitations on the effectiveness of environmental improvement in reducing stereotypic behaviour in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus)
Cooper, J. J., Ödberg, F. O., & Nicol, C. J. (1996) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(95)01020-3 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Behaviour of rats in their home cages: daytime variations and effects of routine husbandry procedures analysed by time sampling techniques
Saibaba, P., Sales, G., Stodulski, G., & Hau, J. (1996) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1258/002367796780744875 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Olfactory control of behavior in rodents.
Schultz, E. F., & Tapp, J. T. (1973) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0033817 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Chemical communication in an archaic anuran amphibian
Waldman, B. (2004) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arg071 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Use of visual cover by domestic fowl: a Venetian blind effect?
Newberry, R. C., & Shackleton, D. M. (1997) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0421 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Frictional Forces Required for Unrestrained Locomotion in Dairy Cattle
van der Tol, P. P. J., Metz, J. H. M., Noordhuizen-Stassen, E. N., et al. (2005) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72725-9 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Gestational Exposure to Loud Noise Alters the Development and Postnatal Responsiveness of Humoral and Cellular Components of the Immune System in Offspring
Sobrian, S. K., Vaughn, V. T., Ashe, W. K., Markovic, B., DJURIĆ, V. J., & Janković, B. D. (1997) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1006/enrs.1997.3734 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Stereotyped Behavior and Cage Size
Draper, W. A., & Bernstein, I. S. (1963) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1963.16.1.231 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Preferences of sheep for different types of pen flooring
Færevik, G., Andersen, I. L., & Bøe, K. E. (2004) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.010 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Ground squirrel uses ultrasonic alarms
Wilson, D. R., & Hare, J. F. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/430523a · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Why It Is Important to Understand Animal Behavior
Mench, J. A. (1998) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar.39.1.20 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Factors influencing stereotyped behavior of primates in a zoo
Marriner, L. M., & Drickamer, L. C. (1994) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430130308 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Recognizing behavioral needs
Friend, T. H. (1989) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(89)90051-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The influence of a camouflage net barrier on the behaviour, welfare and public perceptions of zoo-housed gorillas
Blaney, E., & Wells, D. (2004) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600026841 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Responses of Slaughter Pigs to Transport and Lairage Sounds
Geverink, N. A., Bühnemann, A., van de Burgwal, J. A., et al. (1998) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00513-1 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Changes in heart rate, plasma cortisol and haematocrit of sheep during a shearing procedure
Hargreaves, A. L., & Hutson, G. D. (1990) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(90)90090-z · Cited by 81 · see citing works
More on the ‘influence’ of zoo visitors on the behaviour of captive primates
Mitchell, G., Tromborg, C. T., Kaufman, J. A., Bargabus, S., Simoni, R., & Geissler, V. (1992) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(92)90009-z · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Value of Environmental Resources to Domestic Hens: A Comparison of the Work-Rate for Food and for Nests as a Function of Time
Cooper, J. J., & Appleby, M. C. (2003) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600025367 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
LEARNING FOR LIFE: TRAINING MARSUPIALS TO RECOGNISE INTRODUCED PREDATORS
McLean, I. G., Schmitt, N., Jarman, P. J., Duncan, C., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2000) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853900501971 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Environmental ultrasound in laboratories and animal houses: a possible cause for concern in the welfare and use of laboratory animals
Sales, G., Wilson, K., SPENCER, K. E. V., et al. (1988) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1258/002367788780746188 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ultrasonic vocalizations as an index of social memory in female mice.
D'Amato, F. R., & Moles, A. (2001) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.115.4.834 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Straw and forage material ameliorate abnormal behaviors in adult chimpanzees
Baker, K. C. (1997) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1997)16:3 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Tool use in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus albifrons trinitatis)
Phillips, K. A. (1998) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)46:3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Social, thermal, and temporal influences on isolation‐induced and maternally potentiated ultrasonic vocalizations of rat pups
Shair, H. N., Brunelli, S. A., Masmela, J. R., et al. (2003) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.10087 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
An investigation into the effects of solid or grid cage flooring on the welfare of laboratory rats
Manser, C. E., Morris, T., & Broom, D. M. (1995) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1258/002367795780740023 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
USE of In-Cage Shelters by Laboratory Rats
Townsend, P. (1997) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600019564 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Rats demand social contact
Patterson-Kane, E. G., Hunt, M., & Harper, D. (2002) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600024908 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Through the looking glass: Issues of psychological well-being in captive nonhuman primates.
(1991) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10080-000 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Behavioural and physiological effects of absence of ultraviolet wavelengths for domestic chicks
Maddocks, S. A., Cuthill, I. C., Goldsmith, A. R., et al. (2001) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1842 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A note on the relationship between the behavioural response of lactating sows to humans and the survival of their piglets
Hemsworth, P. H., Pedersen, V., Cox, M., et al. (1999) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(99)00047-7 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
A review of the non-auditory effects of noise on health
Smith, A. P. (1991) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678379108257002 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Behavioural and Neuroendocrine Adaptations to Repeated Stress during Puberty in Male Golden Hamsters
Wommack, J. C., Salinas, A. G., Melloni, R. H., & Delville, Y. (2004) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01233.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Effects of social environment on welfare status and sexual behaviour of female pigs. II. Effects of space allowance
Hemsworth, P. H., Barnett, J. L., Hansen, C. F., & Winfield, C. G. (1986) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(86)90118-8 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Predictability of feeding: Its effect on agonistic behaviour and growth in grower pigs
Carlstead, K. (1986) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(86)90037-7 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Retreat space and human visitor density moderate undesirable behavior in petting zoo animals
Anderson, U. S., Benne, M., Bloomsmith, M. A., & Maple, T. L. (2002) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0502_03 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Behavioral responses of longtailed macaques to different cage sizes and common laboratory experiences.
Crockett, C. M., Bowers, C. L., Shimoji, M., Leu, M., Bowden, D. M., & Sackett, G. P. (1995) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.109.4.368 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Effectiveness of acoustic “prey”: Environmental enrichment for a captive African leopard (Panthera pardus)
Markowitz, H., Aday, C., & Gavazzi, A. J. (1995) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430140408 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
On learned helplessness
Overmier, J. B. (2002) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/bf02688801 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Effects of Caretaker-Primate Relationships on Primates in the Laboratory
Waitt, C. D., Buchanan‐Smith, H. M., & Morris, K. (2002) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0504_05 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Investigations into the preferences of laboratory rats for nest-boxes and nesting materials
Manser, C. E., Broom, D. M., Overend, P., et al. (1998) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1258/002367798780559365 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Preference Testing of Substrates by Growing Pigs
Beattie, V. E., Walker, N., & Sneddon, I. (1998) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600020236 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Human communication with pigs: The behavioural response of pigs to specific human signals
Hemsworth, P. H., Gonyou, H. W., & Dziuk, P. J. (1986) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(86)90021-3 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The rabbit: a diurnal or a nocturnal animal?
Jilge, B. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Impoverished environments and welfare
van Rooijen, J. (1984) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(84)90091-1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Responses of Caribou to Overflights by Low-Altitude Jet Aircraft
Maier, J. A. K., Murphy, S. M., White, R. G., et al. (1998) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3802352 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Effects of visitors and cage changes on the behaviors of mangabeys
Mitchell, G., Herring, F., Obradovich, S., Tromborg, C., Dowd, B., Neville, L. E., & Field, L. (1991) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430100505 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citation
Are alarming events good for captive monkeys?
Chamove, A. S., & Moodie, E. M. (1990) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(90)90016-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Lying behaviour and adrenocortical response as indicators of the thermal tolerance of pigs of different weights
Hillmann, E., Mayer, C., & Schrader, L. (2004) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s096272860002844x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Noise and laboratory animals.
Peterson, E. A. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Sociality in Lizards: Why Do Thick-tailed Geckos (Nephrurus milii) Aggregate?
Shine, Hudson, Shah, ., et al. (2003) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853903322589632 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Beef calves react differently to different handlers according to the test situation and their previous interactions with their caretaker
Boivin, X., Garel, J. P., Mante, A., & Neindre, P. L. (1998) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(97)00050-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Artificial lighting in poultry houses: Do hens perceive the modulation of fluorescent lamps as flicker?
Nuboer, J. F. W., Coemans, M. A. J. M., & Hzn, J. J. V. (1992) · British Poultry Science · doi:10.1080/00071669208417449 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

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Born to choose: the origins and value of the need for control
Leotti, L. A., Iyengar, S. S., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.08.001 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
The Flaws and Human Harms of Animal Experimentation
AKHTAR, A. (2015) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180115000079 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
“8 Among the types of laboratory-generated distress is the phenomenon of contagious anxiety.”
The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare
Sherwen, S. L., & Hemsworth, P. H. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9060366 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“With regard to managing visitor effects, it is clear that the ability for an animal to retreat from visitors can reduce or mitigate any stress associated with visitors [116,131,138,141,142].”
Background
Current status and future directions of applied behavioral research for animal welfare and conservation
Swaisgood, R. R. (2007) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.027 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Effects of stressors on the behavior and physiology of domestic cats
Stella, J., Croney, C., & Buffington, T. (2013) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.10.014 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
To pace or not to pace? A review of what abnormal repetitive behavior tells us about zoo animal management
Rose, P. E., Nash, S. M., & Riley, L. M. (2017) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2017.02.007 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The Pet-friendly Veterinary Practice
Herron, M. E., & Shreyer, T. (2014) · Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.01.010 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Domestication effects on behavioural and hormonal responses to acute stress in chickens
Ericsson, M., Fallahsharoudi, A., Bergquist, J., Kushnir, M. M., & Jensen, P. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.05.024 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Visitor effects on zoo orangutans in two novel, naturalistic enclosures
Choo, Y., Todd, P. A., & Li, D. (2011) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.05.007 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Effects of visual contact with zoo visitors on Black-capped capuchin welfare
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Background
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Contents of Volume 79
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Canine and feline behavioral therapy
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Authors: Morgan, K. N., & Tromborg, C. T.
Affiliations: Sacramento City College (US)
Corresponding author: Morgan, Kathleen N.
Venue: Applied Animal Behaviour Science
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-02
Volume: 102
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 262-302
ISSN: 0168-1591 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.032
OpenAlex: W2133737038
Cited by: 1,085
References: 397
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 21.10
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Applied Animal Behaviour Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Keywords: captive animal welfare, stressors, environmental enrichment, artificial lighting, noise stress, odor, temperature, substrate, mobility restrictions, social groups, husbandry practices, enclosure, animal welfare

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