Is Type II Diabetes Associated With an Increased Risk of Cognitive Dysfunction?: A critical review of published studies
Abstract
Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes may be associated with impaired cognitive function. A detailed search of the literature has identified 19 controlled studies in which cognitive function in type II diabetes has been examined. The studies vary widely with respect to the nature of the diabetic populations studied and the psychological tests used. Thirteen studies demonstrated that the diabetic individuals performed more poorly in at least one aspect of cognitive function. The most commonly affected cognitive ability was verbal memory. Psychomotor ability and frontal lobe function were affected less consistently. The remaining six studies showed no differences in cognitive ability between subjects with type II diabetes and nondiabetic control subjects, but none had adequate statistical power to detect a between-group difference in cognitive ability of 0.5 of a standard deviation (a medium effect size). These findings are consistent with type II diabetes being associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction. However, the widespread differences in methodology between the studies should lead to a cautious interpretation of their conclusions. The etiology of any cognitive decrement in type II diabetes is likely to result from an interaction between metabolic abnormalities intrinsic to diabetes, diabetes-specific complications, and other diabetes-related disorders.
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There is a growing literature indicating that individuals with diabetes have impairments in recent memory.
“There is a growing literature indicating that individuals with diabetes have impairments in recent memory (3–6).”
From Reduced glucose tolerance is associated with poor memory performance and hippocampal atrophy among normal elderly (2003) · cites this paper as [5]
Only one of the review articles that summarised the available data on the relationship between diabetes and cognitive dysfunction provided a quantitative estimate.
“Indeed, only one [7] of the review articles that summarised the available data pertaining to this relationship [4, 6 -11] provided a quantitative estimate.”
From Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies (2005) · cites this paper as [10]
Because attention and processing speed may be selectively impaired in people with diabetes, the MMSE/3MS will underestimate the impact of diabetes on cognitive function.
“As these domains may be selectively impaired in people with diabetes the MMSE/3MS will underestimate the impact of diabetes on cognitive function [10].”
From Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies (2005) · cites this paper as [10]
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Nooyens, A. C. J., Baan, C. A., Spijkerman, A. M. W., & Verschuren, W. M. M. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-2038 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients may result from the interaction among metabolic abnormalities intrinsic to diabetes (hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia), diabetes-specific complications (such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy), and other diabetes-related disorders (such as ischemic heart di…”
BackgroundRisk of Alzheimer’s Disease in Relation to Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Wang, K.-C., Woung, L., Tsai, M.-T., Liu, C., Su, Y.-H., & Li, C. (2012) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000337428 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The Effect of C-Peptide on Cognitive Dysfunction and Hippocampal Apoptosis in Type 1 Diabetic Rats
Sima, A. A. F., & Li, Z.-G. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1497 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Cognitive deficits (8,9) and poor performances in abstract reasoning and complex psychomotor functioning (10,11) occur in type 2 diabetes.”
BackgroundPsychophysiological Mediators of Caregiver Stress and Differential Cognitive Decline.
VITALIANO, P. P., Echeverria, D., Yi, J. P., Phillips, P. E. M., Young, H. M., & Siegler, I. C. (2005) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.402 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Feil, D. G., Rajan, M., Soroka, O., Tseng, C., Miller, D. R., & POGACH, L. M. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03726.x · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The effect of diabetes mellitus on apoptosis in hippocampus: Cellular and molecular aspects
Razavi, S., Sadeghi, A., Hami, J., Esfandiary, E., & Hejazi, Z. (2016) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/2008-7802.178531 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“[22,23] Evidence from several line of studies clearly indicated that individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes have been shown to have poorer performance in a wide range of neuropsychological tests.[24,25] Type 1 diabetic patients might have impairments in learning and memory, problem‐solving, and mental and motor sp…”
Cognitive function and information processing in Type 2 diabetes
Cosway, R., Strachan, M. W. J., Dougall, A., Frier, B. M., & Deary, I. J. (2001) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2001.00577.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationSeckl, J. R., & Walker, B. R. (2004) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2004.09.007 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Exercise-induced myokines in health and metabolic diseases
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Dietary protein, carbohydrate, and fat enhance memory performance in the healthy elderly
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“Previous research in healthy and diabetic subjects showed that as glucose regulation worsens, memory performance also worsens (2, 3).”
Backgroundvan den Berg, E., de Craen, A. J. M., Biessels, G. J., Gussekloo, J., & Westendorp, R. G. J. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0333-1 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“This is in line with previous cross-sectional studies of cognitive function in diabetes, which show moderate impairments in information-processing speed and executive functions [3–5].”
BackgroundResultWilliamson, J. D., Miller, M. E., Bryan, R. N., Lazar, R. M., Coker, L. H., Johnson, J., Cukierman, T., Horowitz, K. R., Murray, A. M., & Launer, L. J. (2007) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.029 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The Early Events That Initiate β-Amyloid Aggregation in Alzheimer’s Disease
Zhang, X., Fu, Z., Meng, L., He, M., & Zhang, Z. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00359 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Afroz, A., Ali, L., Karim, M. N., Alramadan, M. J., Alam, K., Magliano, D. J., & Billah, B. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46766-9 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Strachan, M. W. J. (2010) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03199.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationBlaum, C. S., Ofstedal, M. B., & Liang, J. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.8.m523 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The relationship between type 2 diabetes and dementia
Strachan, M. W. J., Reynolds, R. M., Frier, B. M., Mitchell, R. J., & Price, J. F. (2008) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldn042 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Strachan, M. W. J., Deary, I. J., Ewing, F. M. E., & Frier, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Edinburgh Royal Infirmary (GB)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 1997-03-01
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 438-445
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W1967789041
- Cited by
- 529
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 7.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, cognitive impairment, verbal memory, psychomotor performance, frontal lobe function, diabetes complications, metabolic abnormalities, effect size
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Risk Factors
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