Feeding type and development drive the ingestion of microplastics by freshwater invertebrates
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Microscopic plastic items (microplastics) are ubiquitously present in aquatic ecosystems. With decreasing size their availability and potential to accumulate throughout food webs increase. However, little is known on the uptake of microplastics by freshwater invertebrates. To address this, we exposed species with different feeding strategies to 1, 10 and 90 µm fluorescent polystyrene spheres (3–3 000 particles mL−1). Additionally, we investigated how developmental stages and a co-exposure to natural particles (e.g., food) modulate microplastic ingestion. All species ingested microplastics in a concentration-dependent manner with Daphnia magna consuming up to 6 180 particles h−1, followed by Chironomus riparius (226 particles h−1), Physella acuta (118 particles h−1), Gammarus pulex (10 particles h−1) and Lumbriculus variegatus (8 particles h−1). D. magna did not ingest 90 µm microplastics whereas the other species preferred larger microplastics over 1 µm in size. In C. riparius and D. magna, size preference depended on the life stage with larger specimens ingesting more and larger microplastics. The presence of natural particles generally reduced the microplastics uptake. Our results demonstrate that freshwater invertebrates have the capacity to ingest microplastics. However, the quantity of uptake depends on their feeding type and morphology as well as on the availability of microplastics.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Freshwater species take up microplastics from sediments, and the ingestion capacity of freshwater invertebrates varies with feeding type.
“Previous studies have indeed demonstrated that microplastics are taken up from sediments by freshwater species10−15 and that the capacity of freshwater invertebrates to ingest microplastics depends on their feeding type.15”
From Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
The Abstract and Results and Discussion (Species; pages not provided) show that freshwater invertebrates ingested microplastics at rates that varied with feeding type. The paper also reports ingestion by benthic feeders and observes that larger beads settled, but it does not directly demonstrate uptake of microplastics from sediments; it describes ingestion of settling particles at the sediment surface as likely. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious studies show that microplastic uptake by freshwater invertebrates is size-specific and feeding-type dependent, and irregularly shaped microplastics need longer clearance time than spherical ones.
“This is in accordance with previous studies showing that microplastic uptake by freshwater invertebrates is size- specific and feeding type dependent and that irregularly shaped microplastics need a significant longer clearance time in comparison to spherical microplastics.11,15”
From Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
The Abstract and Results and Discussion (Species) show that uptake varies with particle size and feeding strategy. Results and Discussion (Size) says the study tested only spheres and suggests that depuration of irregular particles may differ; it does not establish that irregular particles take significantly longer to clear. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOrganisms of various trophic levels ingest or uptake microplastics, either directly or indirectly.
“Both laboratory experiments and in situ observations have confirmed that organisms of various trophic levels ingest or uptake microplastics, either directly or indirectly (Cole et al., 2013;Provencher et al., 2018;Scherer et al., 2017;Setälä et al., 2014).”
From No Effect of Realistic Concentrations of Polyester Microplastic Fibers on Freshwater Zooplankton Communities (2024) · cites this paper as Scherer et al., 2017
The Abstract reports laboratory ingestion of microplastics by five freshwater invertebrate species, and the Introduction reports ingestion in field-collected marine and freshwater species. The Results and Discussion (Species) describe transfer through trophic levels as a possibility, not a confirmed observation of indirect uptake. Thus, the source supports ingestion across species and settings, but not the claim that indirect uptake has been confirmed. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDifferences between study outcomes may be due to exposure medium and greater bioavailability of suspended particles compared with sediment-mixed particles.
“Such differences between study outcomes may relate to (a) differences in the exposure medium, as the presence of natural particles seems to reduce the ingestion of microplastics in freshwater invertebrates,15 and (b) to a higher bioavailability of particles in suspension as compared to particles mixed in the sediment as in the present bioassays.”
From Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Lost at sea: where is all the plastic?
Thompson, R. C., Olsen, Y., Mitchell, R. P., Davis, A., Rowland, S. J., John, A. W. G., McGonigle, D., & Russell, A. E. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1094559 · Cited by 7,765 · see citing works
Eerkes-Medrano, D., Thompson, R. C., & Aldridge, D. C. (2015) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012 · Cited by 2,638 · see citing works
Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Deng, Y., Jiang, W., Zhao, Y., Geng, J., Ding, L., & Ren, H. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b00183 · Cited by 2,125 · see citing works
Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption
Cauwenberghe, L. V., & Janssen, C. (2014) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.010 · Cited by 2,081 · see citing works
von Moos, N., Burkhardt-Holm, P., & Köhler, A. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es302332w · Cited by 1,697 · see citing works
Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: what we know and what we need to know
Wagner, M., Scherer, C., Alvarez-Muñoz, D., Brennholt, N., Bourrain, X., Buchinger, S., Fries, E., Grosbois, C., Klasmeier, J., Marti, T., et al. (2014) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-014-0012-7 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Self-citationCole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C., & Galloway, T. S. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es504525u · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Klein, S., Worch, E., & Knepper, T. P. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b00492 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Nanoplastic Affects Growth of <i>S. obliquus</i> and Reproduction of <i>D. magna</i>
Besseling, E., Wang, B., Lürling, M., & Koelmans, A. A. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es503001d · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
Characterisation of nanoplastics during the degradation of polystyrene
Lambert, S., & Wagner, M. (2016) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.078 · Cited by 1,075 · see citing works
Self-citationBesseling, E., Wegner, A., Foekema, E. M., van den Heuvel-Greve, M. J., & Koelmans, A. A. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es302763x · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
Lechner, A., Keckeis, H., Loisl, F., Zens, B., Krusch, R., Tritthart, M., Glas, M., & Schludermann, E. (2014) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.006 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Lee, K.-W., Shim, W. J., Kwon, O. Y., & Kang, J.-H. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es401932b · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Contamination of beach sediments of a subalpine lake with microplastic particles
Imhof, H. K., Ivleva, N. P., Schmid, J., Niessner, R., & Laforsch, C. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.001 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Burns, C. W. (1968) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.1968.13.4.0675 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Responses of <i>Hyalella azteca</i> to acute and chronic microplastic exposures
Au, S. Y., Bruce, T. F., Bridges, W. C., & Klaine, S. J. (2015) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.3093 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Rist, S., Baun, A., & Hartmann, N. B. (2017) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.048 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
The filtration apparatus of Cladocera: Filter mesh-sizes and their implications on food selectivity
Geller, W., & M�ller, H. (1981) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00347591 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Beyond the ocean: contamination of freshwater ecosystems with (micro-)plastic particles
Dris, R., Imhof, H. K., Sánchez, W., Gaspéri, J., Galgani, F., Tassin, B., & Laforsch, C. (2015) · Environmental Chemistry · doi:10.1071/en14172 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Weinstein, J. E., Crocker, B. K., & Gray, A. D. (2016) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.3432 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Kowalski, N., Reichardt, A., & Waniek, J. (2016) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.064 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Aquatic Oligochaeta of the World.
Reynolds, J. W., Brinkhurst, R. O., & Jamieson, B. G. M. (1973) · Systematic Zoology · doi:10.2307/2412106 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Moore, C. J., Lattin, G., & Zellers, A. (2011) · Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada · doi:10.5894/rgci194 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Plastic pollution in Swiss surface waters: nature and concentrations, interaction with pollutants
Faure, F., Demars, C., Wieser, O., Kunz, M., & Alencastro, L. F. D. (2015) · Environmental Chemistry · doi:10.1071/en14218 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Imhof, H. K., Laforsch, C., Wiesheu, A. C., Schmid, J. D., Anger, P. M., Nießner, R., & Ivleva, N. P. (2016) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.015 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Rehse, S., Kloas, W., & Zarfl, C. (2016) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.133 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
The Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Microparticles on Individual Fitness in Daphnia magna
Ogonowski, M., Schür, C., Jarsén, Å., & Gorokhova, E. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155063 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Evidence of microplastics in samples of zooplankton from Portuguese coastal waters
Frias, J. P. G. L., Otero, V., & Sobral, P. (2014) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.01.001 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Feeding type affects microplastic ingestion in a coastal invertebrate community
Setälä, O., Norkko, J., & Lehtiniemi, M. (2015) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.053 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Formation of microscopic particles during the degradation of different polymers
Lambert, S., & Wagner, M. (2016) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.042 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Self-citationSánchez, W., Bender, C., & Porcher, J. (2013) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2013.11.004 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Ingestion of Microplastic Has Limited Impact on a Marine Larva
Kaposi, K. L., Mos, B., Kelaher, B. P., & Dworjanyn, S. A. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es404295e · Cited by 406 · see citing works
The role of taste in food selection by freshwater zooplankton
DeMott, W. R. (1986) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00377053 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Feeding selectivities and relative ingestion rates of Daphnia and Bosmina1
DeMott, W. R. (1982) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.1982.27.3.0518 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Occurrence, Degradation, and Effect of Polymer-Based Materials in the Environment
Lambert, S., Sinclair, C. J., & Boxall, A. B. A. (2013) · Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01327-5_1 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Suspended Clay and the Population Dynamics of Planktonic Rotifers and Cladocerans
Kirk, K. L., & Gilbert, J. J. (1990) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1937582 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Elipot, Y., Hinaux, H., Callebert, J., & Rétaux, S. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.044 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
MACNEIL, C., DICK, J. T. A., & ELWOOD, R. W. (1997) · Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s0006323196005038 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Porter, K. G., Gerritsen, J., & Orcutt, J. D. (1982) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.1982.27.5.0935 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Fate of Microplastics in the Marine Isopod <i>Idotea emarginata</i>
Hämer, J., Gutow, L., Köhler, A., & Saborowski, R. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es501385y · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Test No. 211: Daphnia magna Reproduction Test
OECD (2012) · OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Section 2: Effects on biotic systems · doi:10.1787/9789264185203-en · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Karaman, G. S., & Pinkster, S. (1977) · Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde · doi:10.1163/26660644-04702003 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Microplastics affect assimilation efficiency in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum
Blarer, P., & Burkhardt‐Holm, P. (2016) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7584-2 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Kunz, P. Y., Kienle, C., & Gerhardt, A. (2009) · Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5623-1_1 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Beckingham, B., & Ghosh, U. (2017) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.033 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Interactions of Microplastics with Freshwater Biota
Scherer, C., Weber, A., Lambert, S., & Wagner, M. (2017) · The handbook of environmental chemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_8 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE RELATION BETWEEN CONCENTRATION OF FOOD AND FEEDING RATE OF DAPHNIA MAGNA STRAUS
Rigler, F. H. (1961) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z61-080 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Leppänen, M. T., & Kukkonen, J. V. K. (1998) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es970941k · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Filter mesh size of cladocerans predicts retention efficiency for bacteria
Brendelberger, H. (1991) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.1991.36.5.0884 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
SOME PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF DAPHNIA MAGNA STRAUS
McMahon, J. W. (1965) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z65-060 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Kerfoot, W. C., & Kirk, K. L. (1991) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.1991.36.6.1107 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Imhof, H. K., & Laforsch, C. (2016) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.017 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Test No. 218: Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Using Spiked Sediment
OECD (2009) · OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Section 2: Effects on biotic systems · doi:10.1787/9789264070264-en · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Agasild, H., & Nõges, T. (2005) · Journal of Plankton Research · doi:10.1093/plankt/fbi080 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Rasmussen, J. B. (1984) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z84-145 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cope, N. J., & Winterbourn, M. J. (2004) · Aquatic Ecology · doi:10.1023/b:aeco.0000021018.20945.9d · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Bertin, D., Ferrari, B. J. D., Labadie, P., Sapin, A., Garric, J., Budzinski, H., Houde, M., & Babut, M. (2014) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.018 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Size-related discrimination of nutritive and inert particles by freshwater zooplankton
Bern, L. (1990) · Journal of Plankton Research · doi:10.1093/plankt/12.5.1059 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Baer, A., Langdon, C. J., Mills, S., Schulz, C., & Hamre, K. (2008) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.06.020 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Seeland, A., Albrand, J., Oehlmann, J., & Müller, R. (2012) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.10.020 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
OECD. (2007) · doi:10.1787/9789264067356-en · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Børsheim, K. Y., & Andersen, S. S. (1987) · Journal of Plankton Research · doi:10.1093/plankt/9.2.367 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chappelka, A. H., Chevone, B. I., & Seiler, J. R. (1988) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/0269-7491(88)90010-3 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A new method for measuring the feding activity of Gammarus pulex (L.)
Taylor, E. J., Jones, D. P. W., Maund, S. J., & Pascoe, D. D. (1993) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/0045-6535(93)90188-b · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Can adsorption isotherms predict sediment bioavailability?
Lawrence, M. A. M., Davies, N. A., Edwards, P. A., Taylor, M. G., & Simkiss, K. (2000) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00559-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
PARTICLE SIZE AND SEDIMENTATION IN THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF TWO SPECIES OF DAPHNIA
Burns, C. W. (1969) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0392 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Day, K. E., Kirby, R. S., & Reynoldson, T. B. (1994) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5620130107 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Variability in feeding of Gammarus pulex: moving towards a more standardised feeding assay
Agatz, A., & Brown, C. D. (2014) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-014-0015-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 69 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hartmann, N. B., Hüffer, T., Thompson, R. C., Hassellöv, M., Verschoor, A., Daugaard, A. E., Rist, S., Karlsson, T., Brennholt, N., Cole, M., et al. (2019) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b05297 · Cited by 2,881 · see citing works
Self-citationAkdoğan, Z., & Güven, B. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113011 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Burns, E. E., & Boxall, A. B. A. (2018) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4268 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Li, B., Ding, Y., Cheng, X., Sheng, D., Xu, Z., Rong, Q., Wu, Y., Zhao, H., Ji, X., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125492 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Spatiotemporal distribution and annual load of microplastics in the Nakdong River, South Korea
Eo, S., Hong, S. H., Song, Y. K., Han, G. M., & Shim, W. J. (2019) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.053 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Veerasingam, S., Ranjani, M., Venkatachalapathy, R., Bagaev, A., Mukhanov, V., Litvinyuk, D. A., Mugilarasan, M., Gurumoorthi, K., Guganathan, L., Aboobacker, V. M., et al. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643389.2020.1807450 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Environmental occurrences, fate, and impacts of microplastics
Wu, P., Huang, J., Zheng, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., He, F., Chen, H., Quan, G., Yan, J., Li, T., et al. (2019) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109612 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Effects of microplastics on microalgae populations: A critical review
Prata, J. C., da Costa, J. P., Lopes, I., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha‐Santos, T. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.132 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Uptake and Accumulation of Nano/Microplastics in Plants: A Critical Review
Azeem, I., Adeel, M., Ahmad, M. A., Shakoor, N., Jiangcuo, G. D., Azeem, K., Ishfaq, M., Shakoor, A., Ayaz, M., Xu, M., et al. (2021) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano11112935 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Stock, F., Kochleus, C., Baensch-Baltruschat, B., Brennholt, N., & Reifferscheid, G. (2019) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.014 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, T., Wang, L., Chen, Q., Kalogerakis, N. E., Ji, R., & Ma, Y. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142427 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
de Ruijter, V. N., Redondo‐Hasselerharm, P. E., Gouin, T., & Koelmans, A. A. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c03057 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
A One Health perspective of the impacts of microplastics on animal, human and environmental health
Prata, J. C., da Costa, J. P., Lopes, I., Andrady, A. L., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha‐Santos, T. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146094 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Microplastic exposure and effects in aquatic organisms: A physiological perspective
Franzellitti, S., Canesi, L., Auguste, M., Wathsala, R. H. G. R., & Fabbri, E. (2019) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.009 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates
Redondo-Hasselerharm, P. E., Falahudin, D., Peeters, E. T. H. M., & Koelmans, A. A. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b05367 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
“11,15 Moreover, the high mobility of G. pulex 46 could have increased microplastic uptake in comparison to the other epibenthic species, revealing the importance of species speci fi c traits in the e ff ects of microplastics on benthic invertebrates.”
Ziajahromi, S., Kumar, A., Neale, P. A., & Leusch, F. D. L. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.094 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Mateos-Cárdenas, A., Scott, D. T., Seitmaganbetova, G., van Pelt Frank, N. A. M., O’Halloran, J., & Jansen, M. A. K. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.359 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Bour, A., Avio, C. G., Gorbi, S., Regoli, F., & Hylland, K. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.115 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Sources, Fates, Impacts and Microbial Degradation
Yang, H., Chen, G., & Wang, J. (2021) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics9020041 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Linking effects of microplastics to ecological impacts in marine environments
Khalid, N., Aqeel, M. A., Noman, A., Hashem, M., Mostafa, Y. S., Alhaithloul, H. A. S., & Alghanem, S. M. S. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128541 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Haegerbaeumer, A., Mueller, M.-T., Fueser, H., & Traunspurger, W. (2019) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00017 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Araújo, A. P. D. C., de Melo, N. F. S., de Oliveira, A. G., Rodrigues, F. P., Fernandes, T., Vieira, J. E. D. A., Rocha, T. L., & Malafaia, G. (2019) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121066 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Lahive, E., Walton, A., Horton, A. A., Spurgeon, D. J., & Svendsen, C. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113174 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Jaikumar, G., Brun, N. R., Vijver, M. G., & Bosker, T. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.085 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Microplastics in freshwater sediments of Atoyac River basin, Puebla City, Mexico
Shruti, V. C., Jonathan, M. P., Rodriguez-Espinosa, P. F., & Rodríguez‐González, F. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.054 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Merga, L. B., Redondo-Hasselerharm, P., van den Brink, P. J., & Koelmans, A. (2020) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140527 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Invertebrate responses to microplastic ingestion: Reviewing the role of the antioxidant system
Trestrail, C., Nugegoda, D., & Shimeta, J. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138559 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Malafaia, G., de Souza, A. M., Canedo, A., Gonçalves, S., Araújo, A. P. D. C., Ribeiro, R. X., & Rocha, T. L. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134867 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
RetractedCapturing microfibers – marketed technologies reduce microfiber emissions from washing machines
McIlwraith, H. K., Lin, J. H., Erdle, L. M., Mallos, N. J., Diamond, M. L., & Rochman, C. M. (2018) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.012 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Schür, C., Rist, S., Baun, A., Mayer, P., Hartmann, N. B., & Wagner, M. (2019) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4436 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationSize-dependent chronic toxicity of fragmented polyethylene microplastics to Daphnia magna
An, D., Na, J., Song, J., & Jung, J. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129591 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Animal exposure to microplastics and health effects: A review
Jeong, E., Lee, J., & Redwan, M. (2024) · Emerging contaminants · doi:10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100369 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Chae, Y., & An, Y. (2020) · Environmental Science Nano · doi:10.1039/c9en01335k · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Polystyrene microplastics ingestion induced behavioral effects to the cladoceran Daphnia magna
De Felice, B., Sabatini, V., Antenucci, S., Gattoni, G., Santo, N., Bacchetta, R., Ortenzi, M. A., & Parolini, M. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.115 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Rapid fragmentation of microplastics by the freshwater amphipod Gammarus duebeni (Lillj.)
Mateos-Cárdenas, A., O’Halloran, J., van Pelt, F. N. A. M., & Jansen, M. A. K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69635-2 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Contamination of Indian sea salts with microplastics and a potential prevention strategy
Seth, C. K., & Shriwastav, A. (2018) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3028-5 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Nano- and microplastics affect the composition of freshwater benthic communities in the long term
Redondo‐Hasselerharm, P. E., Gort, G., Peeters, E. T. H. M., & Koelmans, A. A. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay4054 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Shape, size, and polymer dependent effects of microplastics on Daphnia magna.
Schwarzer, M., Brehm, J., Vollmer, M., Jasinski, J., Xu, C., Zainuddin, S., Fröhlich, T., Schott, M., Greiner, A., Scheibel, T., et al. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128136 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Krause, S., BARANOV, V. A., Nel, H., Drummond, J. D., Kukkola, A. T., Hoellein, T. J., Smith, G. H. S., Lewandowski, J., Bonet, B., Packman, A. I., et al. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115750 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Bharath, K. M., Srinivasalu, S., Natesan, U., Ayyamperumal, R., Nirmal Kalam, S., Anbalagan, S., Sujatha, K., & Alagarasan, C. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128502 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Silva, C. J. M., Silva, A. L. P., Gravato, C., & Pestana, J. L. T. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.017 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Interactions of Microplastics with Freshwater Biota
Scherer, C., Weber, A., Lambert, S., & Wagner, M. (2017) · The handbook of environmental chemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_8 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationMicroplastics in lakes and rivers: An issue of emerging significance to limnology
D’Avignon, G., Gregory-Eaves, I., & Ricciardi, A. (2022) · Environmental Reviews · doi:10.1139/er-2021-0048 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Rozman, U., & Kalčíková, G. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127529 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Castro-Castellon, A. T., Horton, A. A., Hughes, J. M. R., Rampley, C., Jeffers, E. S., Bussi, G., & Whitehead, P. (2022) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151638 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Engineered technologies for the separation and degradation of microplastics in water: A review
Rodriguez-Narvaez, O., Goonetilleke, A., Perez, L., & Bandala, E. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.128692 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Microplastics but not natural particles induce multigenerational effects in Daphnia magna
Schür, C., Zipp, S., Thalau, T., & Wagner, M. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113904 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, Y., Li, W., Gao, J., Wang, F., Yang, W., Han, L., Lin, D., Min, B., Zhi, Y., Grieger, K., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142133 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Microplastic contamination in gudgeons (Gobio gobio) from Flemish rivers (Belgium)
Slootmaekers, B., Carteny, C. C., Belpaire, C., Saverwyns, S., Fremout, W., Blust, R., & Bervoets, L. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.136 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Ecological risks in a ‘plastic’ world: A threat to biological diversity?
Agathokleous, E., Iavicoli, I., Barceló, ., & Calabrese, E. J. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126035 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Up and away: ontogenic transference as a pathway for aerial dispersal of microplastics
Al-Jaibachi, R., Cuthbert, R. N., & Callaghan, A. (2018) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0479 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Lahive, E., Cross, R. K., Saarloos, A. I., Horton, A. A., Svendsen, C., Hufenus, R., & Mitrano, D. M. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151022 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
O’Connor, J., Mahon, A. M., Ramsperger, A. F. R. M., Trotter, B., Redondo‐Hasselerharm, P. E., Koelmans, A. A., Lally, H., & Murphy, S. (2019) · Global Challenges · doi:10.1002/gch2.201800118 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Napper, I. E., & Thompson, R. C. (2023) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-112522-072642 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Adeogun, A. O., Ibor, O. R., Khan, E. A., Chukwuka, A. V., Omogbemi, E. D., & Arukwe, A. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09031-5 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Na, J., Song, J., Achar, J., & Jung, J.-H. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123845 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Gouin, T., Becker, R. A., Collot, A., Davis, J. W., Howard, B. E., Inawaka, K., Lampi, M. A., Ramón, B. S., Shi, J., & Hopp, P. W. (2019) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4529 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Plastic waste in the terrestrial environment
Hurley, R. R., Horton, A. A., Lusher, A., & Nizzetto, L. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817880-5.00007-4 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Al-Jaibachi, R., Cuthbert, R. N., & Callaghan, A. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.236 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The effects of nanoplastics on marine plankton: A case study with polymethylmethacrylate
Venâncio, C., Ferreira, I. J., Martins, M. A., Soares, A. M. V. M., Lopes, I., & Oliveira, M. (2019) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109632 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Bertoli, M., Pastorino, P., Lesa, D., Renzi, M., Anselmi, S., Prearo, M., & Pizzul, E. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150207 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Silva, C. J. M., Silva, A. L. P., Campos, D., Machado, A. L., Pestana, J. L. T., & Gravato, C. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123775 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Understanding and addressing microplastic pollution: Impacts, mitigation, and future perspectives
Debnath, R., Prasad, G. S., Amin, A., Malik, M. M., Ahmad, I., Abubakr, A., Borah, S., Rather, M. A., Impellitteri, F., Tabassum, I., et al. (2024) · Journal of Contaminant Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104399 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Xu, X., Wong, C., Tam, N. F. Y., Lo, H., & Cheung, S. G. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136999 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Felten, V., Toumi, H., Masfaraud, J., Billoir, É., Camara, B. I., & Férard, J. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136567 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
From marine to freshwater environment: A review of the ecotoxicological effects of microplastics
Li, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, S., Dong, Y., Pang, Q., Lynch, I., Xie, C., Guo, Z., & Zhang, P. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114564 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Kim, S. W., Chae, Y., Kim, D., & An, Y. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.310 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
López‐Rojo, N., Pérez, J., Alonso, A., Correa‐Araneda, F., & Boyero, L. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113898 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Contamination of stream fish by plastic waste in the Brazilian Amazon
Ribeiro-Brasil, D. R. G., Torres, N. R., Picanço, A. B., Sousa, D. S. P., Ribeiro, V. S., Brasil, L. S., & Montag, L. F. D. A. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115241 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Scherer, C., Wolf, R., Völker, J., Stock, F., Brennhold, N., Reifferscheid, G., & Wagner, M. (2020) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134604 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationWeber, A., von Randow, M., Voigt, A.-L., von der Au, M., Fischer, E. V., Meermann, B., & Wagner, M. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128040 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationNapper, I. E., Parker-Jurd, F. N. F., Wright, S. L., & Thompson, R. C. (2023) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159317 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Microplastics in Terrestrial and Freshwater Environments
Kallenbach, E., Rødland, E. S., Buenaventura, N., & Hurley, R. R. (2021) · Environmental contamination remediation and management · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78627-4_4 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Microplastics as contaminants in freshwater environments: A multidisciplinary review
Szymańska, M., & Obolewski, K. (2020) · Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology · doi:10.1016/j.ecohyd.2020.05.001 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Silva, C. J. M., Machado, A. L., Campos, D., Rodrigues, A. C. M., Patrício Silva, A. L., Soares, A. M. V. M., & Pestana, J. L. T. (2022) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150118 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Sadler, D. E., Brunner, F. S., & Plaistow, S. J. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113178 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Li, C., Jiang, B., Guo, J., Sun, C., Shi, C., Huang, S., Liu, P., Wu, C., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Water · doi:10.3390/w14213515 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Stable Isotope Insights into Microplastic Contamination within Freshwater Food Webs
Garcia, F., de Carvalho, A. R., Riem-Galliano, L., Tudesque, L., Albignac, M., ter Halle, A., & Cucherousset, J. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c06221 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Ouda, M., BANAT, F. A., Hasan, S. W., & Karanikolos, G. N. (2023) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103543 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Kratina, P., Watts, T. J., Green, D. S., Kordas, R. L., & O’Gorman, E. J. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113259 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Foaming at the mouth: Ingestion of floral foam microplastics by aquatic animals
Trestrail, C., Walpitagama, M., Hedges, C. E., Truskewycz, A., Miranda, A. F., Włodkowic, D., Shimeta, J., & Nugegoda, D. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135826 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Yin, J., Long, Y., Xiao, W., Liu, D., Tian, Q., Li, Y., Liu, C., Chen, L., & Pan, Y. (2022) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114433 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Impacts of polystyrene microplastics on Daphnia magna: A laboratory and a mesocosm study
Aljaibachi, R., Laird, W. B., Stevens, F., & Callaghan, A. (2020) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135800 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Occurrence, Fate and Fluxes of Plastics and Microplastics in Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems
Schell, T., Rico, A., & Vighi, M. (2020) · Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/398_2019_40 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Redondo-Hasselerharm, P., Rico, A., & Koelmans, A. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129814 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Physiological endpoints in daphnid acute toxicity tests
Bownik, A. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134400 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Silva, C. F. M., Beleza, S., Campos, D., Soares, A., Silva, A. L. P., Pestana, J., & Gravato, C. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125401 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Hengstmann, E., Weil, E., Wallbott, P. C., Tamminga, M., & Fischer, E. K. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111141 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Stanković, J., Milošević, D., Savić‐Zdravković, D., Yalçın, G., Yıldız, D., Beklioğlu, M., & Jovanović, B. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114248 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Size-dependent seizurogenic effect of polystyrene microplastics in zebrafish embryos
Jeong, S., Jang, S., Kim, S. S., Bae, M. A., Shin, J., Lee, K.-B., & Kim, K. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129616 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Owowenu, E. K., Nnadozie, C. F., Akamagwuna, F. C., Siwe‐Noundou, X., Uku, J. E., & Odume, O. N. (2023) · Aquatic Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10452-023-10029-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Malinowski, C. R., Searle, C. L., Schaber, J. A., & Höök, T. O. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166691 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Donoso, J. M., & Ríos‐Touma, B. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04302 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Doyle, D., Sundh, H., & Almroth, B. C. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120434 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A comprehensive review of microplastic pollution in freshwater and marine environments
Jaikumar, I. M., Tomson, M., Meyyazhagan, A., Balasubramanian, B., Baskaran, R., Pappuswamy, M., Kamyab, H., Khalili, E., & Farajnezhad, M. (2024) · Green Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.greeac.2024.100202 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Khosrovyan, A., Gabrielyan, B. K., & Kahru, A. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127456 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Klein, K., Piana, T., Lauschke, T., Schweyen, P., Dierkes, G., Ternes, T., Schulte-Oehlmann, U., & Oehlmann, J. (2020) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105723 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Piarulli, S., Vanhove, B., Comandini, P., Scapinello, S., Moens, T., Vrielinck, H., Sciutto, G., Prati, S., Mazzeo, R., Booth, A. M., et al. (2020) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110983 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Li, L., Su, L., Cai, H., Rochman, C. M., Li, Q., Kolandhasamy, P., Peng, J., & Shi, H. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.024 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Silva, C. J. M., Silva, A. L. P., Campos, D., Soares, A. M. V. M., Pestana, J. L. T., & Gravato, C. (2020) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111375 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
- Authors
- Scherer, C., Brennholt, N., Reifferscheid, G., & Wagner, M.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Scherer, Christian
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-12-05
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17006-17006
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5717137
- OpenAlex
- W2770802549
- Cited by
- 448
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 12.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- microplastics, microplastic ingestion, freshwater invertebrates, feeding type, developmental stages, Daphnia magna, Chironomus riparius, Physella acuta, Gammarus pulex, Lumbriculus variegatus, polystyrene microspheres
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chironomidae, Daphnia, Eating, Fresh Water, Invertebrates, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Ecosystem, Food Chain, Amphipoda
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
