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Tracking the Pathways of Human Exposure to Perfluorocarboxylates

Vestergren, Robin, Cousins, Ian T.·2009·Environmental Science & Technology
DOI 10.1021/es900228k
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Abstract

Recent analyses of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in human blood sera show that the background-exposed population in industrialized countries worldwide exhibits a narrow concentration range; arithmetic means of published studies range between 2 and 8 microg/L PFOA, with the exception of a few outlier studies. The globally comparable human serum concentrations of PFOA and characteristic dominance of PFOA with respect to other perfluorocarboxylate (PFCA) homologues indicate that exposure pathways of humans differ from those of wildlife, where perfluorononanoate (PFNA) is often the dominant homologue. The observed correlations between perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFOA in human serum together with a simultaneous downward time trend of these compounds in human blood sera and blood spots from the year 2000 onward indicate a connection between historical perfluorooctanesulfonyl (POSF) production (phased out by the major manufacturer in 2000-2002) and exposure to both PFOS and PFOA. A comparison of estimated daily intakes to humans based on samples from exposure media (collected post 2000) indicates that food intake is the major contemporary exposure pathway for the background population, whereas drinking water exposure is dominant for populations near sources of contaminated drinking water. A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model used to back-calculate daily intakes from serum levels is shown to provide agreement within a factor of 1.5-5.5 of the daily intakes derived from exposure media, which provides further supporting evidence that dietary exposure is a major ongoing exposure pathway of PFOA to the background population.

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Cited by

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Metadata

Authors
Vestergren, R., & Cousins, I. T.
Venue
Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2009-07-02
Volume
43
Issue
15
Pages
5565-5575
ISSN
  • 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-5851
DOI
10.1021/es900228k
OpenAlex
W2053783262
Cited by
420
References
16
FWCI
20.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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