Do Internet‐Based Support Interventions Change Perceptions of Social Support?: An Experimental Trial of Approaches for Supporting Diabetes Self‐Management

Barrera, Manuel; Glasgow, Russell E.; McKay, H. Garth; Boles, Shawn M.; Feil, Edward G.

doi:10.1023/a:1016369114780

Cited by 333Diabetes Management and EducationHealth Literacy and Information AccessibilityMobile Health and mHealth Applications

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Do Internet‐Based Support Interventions Change Perceptions of Social Support?: An Experimental Trial of Approaches for Supporting Diabetes Self‐Management

Barrera, Manuel, Glasgow, Russell E., McKay, H. Garth, Boles, Shawn M., Feil, Edward G.·2002·American Journal of Community Psychology

DOI 10.1023/a:1016369114780

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Abstract

Internet‐based support groups are a rapidly growing segment of mutual aid programs for individuals with chronic illnesses and other challenges. Previous studies have informed us about the content of online exchanges between support group members, but we know little about the ability of these interventions to change participants' perceptions of support. A randomized trial of 160 adult Type 2 diabetes patients provided novice Internet users with computers and Internet access to 1 of 4 conditions: (a) diabetes information only, (b) a personal self‐management coach, (c) a social support intervention, or (d) a personal self‐management coach and the support intervention. After 3 months, individuals in the 2 support conditions reported significant increases in support on a diabetes‐specific support measure and a general support scale. Participants' age was significantly related to change in social support, but intervention effects were still significant after accounting for this relationship. This report is a critical first step in evaluating the long‐term effects of Internet‐based support for diabetes self‐management. The discussion identifies directions for future research.

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An evaluation of an online peer support forum for university students with depressive symptoms
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Social Support and Social-ecological Resources as Mediators of Lifestyle Intervention Effects for Type 2 Diabetes
Barrera, M., Toobert, D. J., Angell, K. L., Glasgow, R. E., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2006) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105306063321 · Cited by 128
“…virtual support intervention was able to alter the perceived availability of social support, but that study used a social support measure designed specifically to be sensitive to the types of support that could be exchanged in a virtual support group (Barrera, Glasgow, McKay, Boles, & Feil, 2002).”
Self-citation
Peer-Led, Empowerment-Based Approach to Self-Management Efforts in Diabetes (PLEASED): A Randomized Controlled Trial in an African American Community
Tang, T. S., Funnell, M. M., Sinco, B. R., Spencer, M. S., & Heisler, M. (2015) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1819 · Cited by 119
Loneliness and mental health: The mediating effect of perceived social support
Hutten, E., Jongen, E. M. M., Vos, A. E. C. C., van den Hout, A. J. H. C., & van Lankveld, J. J. D. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182211963 · Cited by 117
“Aside from targeting loneliness, a mediation effect of social support on loneliness and mental health would suggest that such interventions could target social support as well [86,87].”
Background
Health Information Seeking and Social Media Use on the Internet among People with Diabetes
Shaw, R. J., & Johnson, C. (2011) · Online Journal of Public Health Informatics · doi:10.5210/ojphi.v3i1.3561 · Cited by 127
“Web-based venues can be beneficial in promoting positive health behavior change (38) and serve as a setting to deliver and improve diabetes social support (3, 35).”
Background
Effectiveness of general practice based, practice nurse led telephone coaching on glycaemic control of type 2 diabetes: the patient engagement and coaching for health (peach) pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial
Blackberry, I. D., Furler, J. S., Best, J. D., Chondros, P., Vale, M., Walker, C., Dunning, T., Segal, L., Dunbar, J., Audehm, R., et al. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f5272 · Cited by 113
Use of Behavioral Change Techniques in Web-Based Self-Management Programs for Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Systematic Review
van Vugt, M., de Wit, M., Cleijne, W., & Snoek, F. J. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2800 · Cited by 112
“12 | e279 | p. 4http://www.jmir.org/2013/12/e279/ (page number not for citation purposes) XSL•FO RenderX ParticipantsStudy descriptionStudy Age, mean Female, % EthnicityDuration (months) Inclusion criteriacSettingbMeasurements, n Groups, n nCountryQualitya 55.147Asian3T2DM <20 y, age ≥20, FBS <240 mg/dL and/or HbA1c l…”
BackgroundInfluential
Interactive Health Communication Applications for people with chronic disease
Murray, E., Burns, J., Tai, S. S., Lai, R., & Nazareth, I. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004274.pub3 · Cited by 115
A Review of Information and Communication Technology Enhanced Social Work Interventions
Chan, C., & Holosko, M. J. (2015) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731515578884 · Cited by 106
“…most studies compared participants who were participated in a program and those who did not participate in any intervention program (e.g., Gelatt et al., 2010) or compared participants in different intervention modalities all using the same ICT (e.g., Barrera, Glasgow, McKay, Boles, & Feil, 2002).”
Background
The Hoorn Diabetes Care System (DCS) cohort. A prospective cohort of persons with type 2 diabetes treated in primary care in the Netherlands
van der Heijden, A. A. W. A., Rauh, S. P., Dekker, J. M., Beulens, J. W. J., Elders, P. J. M., Hart, L. M. ‘., Rutters, F., van Leeuwen, N., & Nijpels, G. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015599 · Cited by 92
Social but safe? Quality and safety of diabetes-related online social networks
Weitzman, E. R., Cole, E. D., Kaci, L., & Mandl, K. D. (2011) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1136/jamia.2010.009712 · Cited by 94
“which imposes on patients heavy daily demands for monitoring and management that could be offset by SN.”
Background
Peer support strategies for improving the health and well-being of individuals with chronic diseases
Doull, M., O'Connor, A. M. C., Welch, V. A., Tugwell, P., & Wells, G. A. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005352.pub2 · Cited by 94
Unmet Needs for Social Support and Effects on Diabetes Self-care Activities in Korean Americans With Type 2 Diabetes
Song, Y., Song, H., Han, H., Park, S., Nam, S., & Kim, M. T. (2012) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721711432456 · Cited by 94
Does the use of consumer health information technology improve outcomes in the patient self-management of diabetes? A meta-analysis and narrative review of randomized controlled trials
Or, C. K. L., & Tao, D. (2014) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014.01.009 · Cited by 76
“We identified 62 eligible studies [22–83] from 4581 initial citations and the cited reference search.”
Background
Social support and self-care outcomes in adults with diabetes: The mediating effects of self-efficacy and diabetes distress. Results of the second diabetes MILES---Australia (MILES-2) study
Chan, C. K. Y., Cockshaw, W., Smith, K., Holmes-Truscott, E., Pouwer, F., & Speight, J. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108314 · Cited by 80
Psychosocial Moderators of the Impact of Diabetes Stigma: Results From the Second Diabetes MILES – Australia (MILES-2) Study
Holmes‐Truscott, E., Ventura, A. D., Thuraisingam, S., Pouwer, F., & Speight, J. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2447 · Cited by 81
A diabetes peer support intervention that improved glycemic control: mediators and moderators of intervention effectiveness
Piette, J. D., Resnicow, K., Choi, H., & Heisler, M. (2013) · Chronic Illness · doi:10.1177/1742395313476522 · Cited by 76
“Perceived social support was measured using the diabetes social support scale (DSS).(19) For the mediator analyses presented here, we included a measure of change in DSS scores between the baseline and 6 months (i.”
Method
Local Health Department Use of Twitter to Disseminate Diabetes Information, United States
Harris, J. K., Mueller, N. L., Snider, D., & Haire-Joshu, D. L. (2013) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd10.120215 · Cited by 73
“I Am Not Alone”: The Feasibility and Acceptability of Interactive Voice Response‐Facilitated Telephone Peer Support Among Older Adults With Heart Failure
Heisler, M., Halasyamani, L., Resnicow, K., Neaton, M., Shanahan, J., Brown, S., & Piette, J. D. (2007) · Congestive Heart Failure · doi:10.1111/j.1527-5299.2007.06412.x · Cited by 69
Health information on social media helps mitigate Crohn's disease symptoms and improves patients' clinical course
Zhao, J., Hong-xing, H., Zhong, B., Xie, W., Chen, Y., & Zhi, M. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106588 · Cited by 80
A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Integrated Care Intervention to Increase Eligibility for Chronic Hepatitis C Treatment
Evon, D. M., Simpson, K. M. J., Kixmiller, S., Galanko, J. A., Dougherty, K. A., Golin, C. E., & Fried, M. W. (2011) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.219 · Cited by 69
Evaluating the social value of online health information for third-party patients: Is uncertainty always bad?
Liu, Y., Ren, C., Shi, D., Li, K., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102259 · Cited by 70
Web-Based Targeted Nutrition Counselling and Social Support for Patients at Increased Cardiovascular Risk in General Practice: Randomized Controlled Trial
Verheijden, M., Bakx, J. C., Akkermans, R., van den Hoogen, H., Godwin, N. M., Rosser, W., van Staveren, W., & van Weel, C. (2004) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6.4.e44 · Cited by 68
“Nonetheless, despite previous studies showing positive and negative effects of Internet interventions on social support, we found no difference in change in social support during our study period [10,12,41,42].”
Internet Social Support for Parents: The State of Science
Schärer, K. (2005) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2005.00007.x · Cited by 68
Social support and depression during a global crisis
Choi, K. W., Lee, Y. A., Liu, Z., Fatori, D., Bauermeister, J. R., Luh, R. A., Clark, C. R., Brunoni, A. R., Bauermeister, S., & Smoller, J. W. (2023) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00078-0 · Cited by 86
Mobile diabetes intervention study: Testing a personalized treatment/behavioral communication intervention for blood glucose control
Quinn, C. C., Gruber‐Baldini, A. L., Shardell, M. D., Weed, K., Clough, S. S., Peeples, M., Terrin, M. L., Bronich-Hall, L., Barr, E. A., & Lender, D. (2009) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2009.02.004 · Cited by 67
“Several studies evaluate the effectiveness of electronic communication interventions for diabetes [67–73].”
Background
Harnessing the potential of the Internet to promote chronic illness self-management: diabetes as an example of how well we are doing
Bull, S. S., Gaglio, B., McKay, H. G., & Glasgow, R. E. (2005) · Chronic Illness · doi:10.1177/17423953050010021101 · Cited by 67
Self-citation
Use of Health-Related Online Support Groups: Population Data from the California Health Interview Survey Complementary and Alternative Medicine Study
Owen, J. E., Boxley, L., Goldstein, M. S., Lee, J. H., Breen, N., & Rowland, J. H. (2010) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2010.01501.x · Cited by 64
Evaluation of an Online Education and Support Intervention for Adolescents With Diabetes
Nicholas, D. B., Fellner, K. D., Frank, M., Small, M., Hetherington, R., Slater, R., & Daneman, D. (2012) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2012.699507 · Cited by 65
“These results are consistent with previous studies that have demonstrated benefits of online peer support for patients with diabetes (Barrera et al., 2002; Heisler, 2007; McKay et al., 2002; Ravert et al., 2004; Zrebic, 2005).”
Result
Effect of Adding a Virtual Community (Bulletin Board) to Smokefree.gov: Randomized Controlled Trial
Stoddard, J. L., Augustson, E. M., & Moser, R. P. (2008) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1124 · Cited by 65
“However, we were mindful that attrition can actually increase when participants are contacted more frequently than ours were [14].”
Background
Association of Social Media Use With Mental Health Conditions of Nonpatients During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Insights from a National Survey Study
Zhong, B., Jiang, Z., Xie, W., & Qin, X. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/23696 · Cited by 67
“The scales of informational, emotional, and peer support were adopted and revised based on previous studies [46,47].”
Differences among breast and prostate cancer online support groups
Blank, T., Schmidt, S. D., Vangsness, S. A., Monteiro, A. K., & Santagata, P. V. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.04.016 · Cited by 64
Features of Online Health Communities for Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Ho, Y.-X., O’Connor, B. H., & Mulvaney, S. A. (2014) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945913520414 · Cited by 67
Do Web-Based Interventions Improve Well-Being in Type 2 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Hadjiconstantinou, M., Byrne, J. L., Bodicoat, D. H., Robertson, N., Eborall, H., Khunti, K., & Davies, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5991 · Cited by 64
“The remaining ten studies were based on at least one theory: the Chronic Care Model [54], Motivational Interviewing [55,62], Social Cognitive Theory [56,63], Social Ecological Model [50,56], Self-Efficacy Theory [58], Social Support Theory [51], Systematic Behavioral Activation [60], Cognitive Behavioral Theory [61],…”
The who and the what of usage of two cancer online communities
Blank, T., & Adams-Blodnieks, M. (2005) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2004.12.003 · Cited by 62
Randomized Controlled Effectiveness Trial of Reciprocal Peer Support in Heart Failure
Heisler, M., Halasyamani, L. K., Cowen, M. E., Davis, M. D., Resnicow, K., Strawderman, R. L., Choi, H., Mase, R., & Piette, J. D. (2013) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.112.000147 · Cited by 61
“Peer support programs have led to improved outcomes among patients with other chronic conditions and may result in similar improvements for patients with HF. Methods and Results—”
Influential
Teaching Social Work Online: Dilemmas and Debates
Maidment, J. (2005) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/0261547052000333126 · Cited by 62
Using an Electronic Self‐Management Tool to Support Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): A CKD Clinic Self‐Care Model
Ong, S. W., Jassal, S. V., Porter, E. C., Logan, A. G., & Miller, J. (2013) · Seminars in Dialysis · doi:10.1111/sdi.12054 · Cited by 59
Feasibility and Preliminary Effects of a Virtual Environment for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Pilot Study
Johnson, C., Feinglos, M. N., Pereira, K. C., Hassell, N., Blascovich, J., Nicollerat, J., Beresford, H. F., Levy, J., & Vorderstrasse, A. A. (2014) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.3045 · Cited by 65
“Internet interventions, a logical approach to fill this need, have been used with T2D, resulting in increased support [15,16] and knowledge [16]; improvements in glycemic control [16] and self-management behaviors [17]; and more efficient use of primary care services [16] with decreased hospitalizations and emergency…”
Background
The relationship among frequency and type of internet use, perceived social support, and sense of well-being in individuals with visual impairments
Smedema, S. M., & McKenzie, A. R. (2010) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638280903095908 · Cited by 57
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic and lockdown restrictions on psychosocial and behavioural outcomes among Australian adults with type 2 diabetes: Findings from the PREDICT cohort study
Sacre, J. W., Holmes‐Truscott, E., Salim, A., Anstey, K. J., Drummond, G. R., Huxley, R., Magliano, D. J., van Wijngaarden, P., Zimmet, P., Speight, J., et al. (2021) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14611 · Cited by 55
Enhancing support for health behavior change among women at risk for heart disease: the Mediterranean Lifestyle Trial
Toobert, D. J. (2002) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/17.5.574 · Cited by 58
“In those that do exist (Wilson and Pratt, 1987; Chesney, 1996; Barrera et al., 2002), rarely has it been possible to identify the separate 575 influences of social support factors.”
Background
The Inclusion of Ethnic Minority Patients and the Role of Language in Telehealth Trials for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
Isaacs, T., Hunt, D. S., Ward, D. M., Rooshenas, L., & Edwards, L. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6374 · Cited by 53
“The remaining studies (n = 20) provided no ethnicity information, including all five Canadian studies [79,81-84,86,88,90,99,131-144].”
Participants’ perceptions of the factors that influence Diabetes Self‐Management Following a Structured Education (DAFNE) programme
Murphy, K., Casey, D., Dinneen, S. F., Lawton, J., & Brown, F. J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03564.x · Cited by 55
“Social support is another key element for good self management (Talavera & Harrison 2002), in particular, family support (Glasgow et al. 2001, Nagelkerk et al. 2006, Carbone et al. 2007) and peer support (Barrera et al. 2002).”
Background
Self‐efficacy beliefs mediate the relationship between subjective cognitive functioning and physical and mental well‐being after hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Wu, L. M., Austin, J., Hamilton, J. G., Valdimarsdottir, H. B., Isola, L. M., Rowley, S. D., Warbet, R., Winkel, G. H., Redd, W. H., & Rini, C. K. (2011) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.2012 · Cited by 54
“For example, Barrera and colleagues [38] tested an online social support intervention in 160 individuals with type 2 diabetes that involved providing participants with access to internet forums that facilitated social interactions with other participants.”
Background
Language Style Matching as a Predictor of Perceived Social Support in Computer-Mediated Interaction Among Individuals Coping With Illness
Rains, S. A. (2015) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650214565920 · Cited by 54
“Moreover, prior research has demonstrated that it can be influenced by computer-mediated interactions over time (Barrera, Glasgow, McKay, Boles, & Feil, 2002).”
Background
“Physical Activity as a Luxury”
Im, E., Ko, Y., Hwang, H., Yoo, K. H., Chee, W., Stuifbergen, A. M., Walker, L. O., Brown, A., McPeek, C., & Chee, E. (2011) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945911400637 · Cited by 54

M.: Internet-based diabetes self-management and support: Initial outcomes from the Diabetes Network project
Mckay, H. G., Glasgow, R. E., Feil, E. G., Boles, S. M., Barrera, M., Mckay, H. G., Feil, E. G., & Boles, S. M. (2002)
Self-citation
Internet-Based Diabetes Self-Management and Support: Initial Outcomes From the Diabetes Network Project
Mckay, H., Glasgow, R. E., Feil, E. G., Boles, S., & Manuel, J. B. (2002) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037//0090-5550.47.1.31 · Cited by 158
Self-citation
Social support via Internet communication technology for diabetes self-management: a scoping review
Hazime, D., & Burner, E. (2024) · mHealth · doi:10.21037/mhealth-23-34 · Cited by 8
Social Support, Self-Management, and Quality of Life Among Participants in an Internet-Based Diabetes Support Program: A Multi-Dimensional Investigation
Glasgow, R. E., Barrera, M., McKay, H. G., & Boles, S. M. (1999) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1999.2.271 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Social support in diabetes: a systematic review of controlled intervention studies
van Dam, H. A., van der Horst, F. G., Knoops, L., Ryckman, R. M., Crebolder, H. F. J. M., & van den Borne, B. H. P. (2004) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2004.11.001 · Cited by 467

Authors: Barrera, M., Glasgow, R. E., McKay, H. G., Boles, S. M., & Feil, E. G.
Affiliations: Oregon Research Institute (US)
AMC Cancer Research Center USA
Corresponding author: McKay, H. Garth
ORCID: Barrera, Manuel
Glasgow, Russell E.
Feil, Edward G.
Venue: American Journal of Community Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-10
Volume: 30
Issue: 5
Pages: 637-654
ISSN: 0091-0562 (ISSN-L)
1573-2770
DOI: 10.1023/a:1016369114780
OpenAlex: W1593274393
Cited by: 333
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 5.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: American Journal of Community Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01dk051581-04)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-51581)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
Keywords: social support, type 2 diabetes, diabetes self-management, chronic disease, age differences
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Communication, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Patient Education as Topic, Self Care, Self-Help Groups, Social Support, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Internet, Directive Counseling

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Do Internet‐Based Support Interventions Change Perceptions of Social Support?: An Experimental Trial of Approaches for Supporting Diabetes Self‐Management

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