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On the Assessment of Situational Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS)
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“The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) by Guay et al. (2000) was employed, which differentiates motivation into intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, external regulation, and amotivation.”
From Empowering ChatGPT with Guidance Mechanism in Blended Learning: Effect of Self-Regulated Learning, Higher-Order Thinking Skills, and Knowledge Construction (2024) · cites this paper as Guay et al. (2000)
In the citing paper
“Its reliability and validity were confirmed in prior studies (Chen et al., 2001;Guay et al., 2000;Wang et al., 2016).”
From Empowering ChatGPT with Guidance Mechanism in Blended Learning: Effect of Self-Regulated Learning, Higher-Order Thinking Skills, and Knowledge Construction (2024) · cites this paper as Guay et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“In the study, the subscale amotivation also did not reach a sufficiently high Cronbach's alpha (α = .49),similar to the findings of Guay, Vallerand, and Blanchard (2000).”
From Online learning readiness and attitudes towards gaming in gamified online learning – a mixed methods case study (2018) · cites this paper as Guay, Vallerand, and Blanchard (2000)
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Alcón, A. I. M., Hernández, V. T., & Nafría, M. B. L. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14116775 · Cited by 7
“There were three different sources of quantitative data: (i) assessment of teams’ performances and students with SNES; (ii) a final survey administered via Google Forms and (iii) results from the Situational Motivation Scale questionnaire (SIMS), validated by Guay, Vallerant and Blanchard [39].”
MethodFeng, S., Meng, X., Yu, Y., Xu, X., Xiao, D., Brand‐Saberi, B., Cheng, X., & Yang, X. (2022) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00009.2022 · Cited by 8
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“These needs initiate or regulate human behavior (Guay et al., 2000).”
BackgroundHernández-Campos, M., Guzmán-Arias, L. C., Aguilar-Cordero, J. F., Rojas-Muñoz, E., Elizondo, R. L., & Law, Y. C. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151411407 · Cited by 11
Chang, C.-T., Gorby, T. A., Shaw, B. R., Solin, J., Robinson, P., Tiles, K., & Cook, C. (2023) · The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension · doi:10.1080/1389224x.2023.2254286 · Cited by 7
“Initially, based on how the two types of learning motivation are conceptualization in the literature (Deci and Ryan 2013; Guay, Vallerand, and Blanchard 2000), the fi rst two items were used to operationalize intrinsic motivation , and the latter two, extrinsic motivation .”
Buxton, E. K., Javadi, E., & Hagaman, M. (2024) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v38i21.30375 · Cited by 7
“The goal is to conduct user-based studies to examine the curriculum’s impact on students’ situational motivation, AI literacy, and STEM career aspiration using standard survey instruments (Guay, Vallerand, and Blanchard 2000; Weinberg, Basile, and Albright 2011).”
BackgroundEmotions Matter: Understanding the Relationship Between Drivers of Volunteering and Participation
Miao, Q., Huang, J., & Yin, H. (2024) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2024.2348533 · Cited by 7
“The external regulation of volunteers was measured using the 4-item volunteering work motivation scale adapted from Haivas et al. (2013) and Guay et al. (2000).”
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UZAKTAN ÇALIŞMA SİSTEMİNİN ÇALIŞAN MOTİVASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ
Kuloğlu, E., & Eğinli, A. T. (2024) · Sosyolojik Düşün · doi:10.37991/sosdus.1486187 · Cited by 9
The effects of a problem-based learning digital game on continuing motivation to learn science
Toprac, P. (2008) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 7
Vanasupa, L. S., Stolk, J. D., Harding, T. S., & Savage, R. N. (2007) · DigitalCommons - CalPoly (California State Polytechnic University) · Cited by 7
The Effect of Course Type on Engineering Undergraduates' Situational Motivation and Curiosity
Prince, M., Nottis, K. E. K., Vigeant, M. A.-S., Kim, C., & Jablonski, E. L. (2016) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/p.26134 · Cited by 8
“These variables were measured by the Situational Motivation Scale (12) and five questions from the Situational Interest Scale (4).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAlonso, J. L. N., & León, J. (2017) · Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.psicoe.2017.07.003 · Cited by 10
Personalizing Learning with Mobile Technology in Secondary Education.
Admiraal, W., Liesbeth Kester, A., Janssen, C., de Jonge, M., Louws, M. L., Post, L. S., & Lockhorst, D. (2018) · International Association for Development of the Information Society · Cited by 7
An, J., Loppnow, G. R., & Holme, T. A. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1139/cjc-2020-0218 · Cited by 7
You just don’t get it: The impact of misunderstanding on psychological and physiological health
Crockett, E. E., Pollmann, M. M. H., & Olvera, A. P. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221089903 · Cited by 12
“We measured participants’ motivation with six items from the Situational Motivation Scale (Guay et al., 2000).”
MethodChroustová, K., Šorgo, A., Bílek, M., & Rusek, M. (2022) · Journal of Baltic Science Education · doi:10.33225/jbse/22.21.762 · Cited by 7
Investigating Compensatory Brain Activity in Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline
Krebs, C. R., Brill, E., Minkova, L., Federspiel, A., Kellner‐Weldon, F., Wyss, P., Teunissen, C. E., van Harten, A. C., Seydell‐Greenwald, A., Klink, K., et al. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-221001 · Cited by 8
“Additional questionnaires assessed situational motivation [38], quality of life [39], activities of daily living [40], handedness [41] and depressive symptoms [42].”
BackgroundCarratalá, E. R., García, A., Guzmán Luján, J. F., & Carratalá Deval, V. (2006) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 7
Self-efficacy, state anxiety, and motivation during mandatory combatives training.
Morales-Negron, H. R. (2011) · Cited by 7
Soltani, A., Roslan, S. B., Abdullah, M. C., & Jan, C. C. (2011) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v3n2p54 · Cited by 7
Measuring Student Motivation during "The Hour of CodeTM" Activities
Nikou, S. A., & Economides, A. A. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT) · doi:10.1109/icalt.2014.218 · Cited by 7
“Values for each subscale of SIMS questionnaire range from a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 28 and the SDI ranges from a minimum of -72 to a maximum of +72 [5].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVernegaard, K., Johansen, B. T., & Haugen, T. (2017) · Journal for Research in Arts and Sports Education · doi:10.23865/jased.v1.629 · Cited by 10
“SIMS is originally developed by Guay et al. (2000), and has been shown to be a valid and reliable tool in many physical activity contexts (Standage et al. 2003).”
MethodPutz, L.-M., & Treiblmaier, H. (2018) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2018.148 · Cited by 7
“The external regulation scale stems from [23].”
BackgroundMotivational Value of Code.org’s Code Studio Tutorials in an Undergraduate Programming Course
Nel, G., & Nel, L. (2018) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05813-5_12 · Cited by 7
Życińska, J., & Januszek, M. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-0145-3 · Cited by 10
“It may also be assumed that some disturbances (or, more specifically, psychical states, such as depression) may generate a state of amotivation (Guay et al. 2000), as to which there is general disagreement whether amotivationmarks the start of self-determination continuum or whether it is an…”
BackgroundInfluentialJang, W., Kwak, D. H., & Ko, Y. J. (2019) · European Sport Management Quarterly · doi:10.1080/16184742.2019.1618889 · Cited by 7
Moll-Khosrawi, P., Zimmermann, S., Zoellner, C., & Schulte‐Uentrop, L. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9030262 · Cited by 9
“A computed autonomous motivation index was calculated by adding and averaging the intrinsic motivation and identified regulation, and a controlled motivation index was computed by adding and averaging extrinsic- and introjected motivation [20,65].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialExamining motivation in mobile app-supported math trail environments
Cahyono, A. N., & Ludwig, M. (2017) · HAL · Cited by 7
Flüchter, K., & Wortmann, F. (2014) · Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) · Cited by 7
Motivación y comportamiento adaptativos en jóvenes futbolistas
García‐Calvo, T. (2007) · Institutional Repository University of Extremadura (University of Extremadura) · Cited by 7
Being resilient to maintain interpersonal stability: resource caravan toward employee creativity
Park, I., Choi, J. N., Park, J., & Hai, S. (2024) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2024.2415151 · Cited by 6
“Situational intrinsic motivation was measured with four items adopted from Guay et al. (2000).”
Flipped classroom approach for gymnastics learning in physical education: A quasi-experimental study
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“The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS), developed by Guay, Vallerand [37], was used to assess controlled and autonomous motivation before and after the intervention.”
A meta-analysis of the antecedents of entrepreneurial well-being
Yu, X., Meng, X., Stockdall, K., Lanivich, S. E., & Cao, G. (2025) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115588 · Cited by 9
Yahya, L. B., Radid, M., Yaagoubi, M. E., Elmoumou, L., Otmane, A., Naciri, A., & Chemsi, G. (2025) · Korean journal of medical education · doi:10.3946/kjme.2025.341 · Cited by 6
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El‐Hamamsy, L., Pellet, J., Roberts, M., Kovacs, H., Bruno, B., Zufferey, J. D., & Francesco Mondada, C. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3583779 · Cited by 13
“using self-regulation questionnaires [32] or the Situation Motivation Scale, SIMS, [35], see Table 4) .”
MethodTeacher’s motivation for teaching: questionnaire validity evidence
de Oliveira, P. C., Rufini, S. É., & Bzuneck, J. A. (2023) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/1982-0275202340e210084 · Cited by 6
“One of the measures used in the study was an adapted version of the Situational Motivation Scale (Guay et al., 2000), originally designed to assess intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation by identified and external regulation as well as demotivation.”
MethodExploring the consequences of environmental consciousness in vegan restaurant customers
Ahn, J. (2023) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2023.2248346 · Cited by 6
“All measures were adapted from previous studies (Chan, 1999; Chung & Shin, 2010; Guay et al., 2000; Whitmarsh & O ’ Neill, 2010) and were assessed on a seven-point Likert scale (with scores ranging from 1 = ‘ strongly disagree ’ to 7 = ‘ strongly agree ’ ), as shown in Table 1.”
MethodHoy, L. S., Stangl, B., & Morgan, N. (2024) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2024.2308919 · Cited by 7
“(Interviewee 4, 20s, female, 1 dog) Intrinsic motivation is also associated with positive outcomes and the desire to participate in an activity (Guay et al., 2000).”
Humayun, H., Malik, M. N., & Ghazali, M. (2024) · International Journal of Crowd Science · doi:10.26599/ijcs.2023.9100010 · Cited by 7
Bertozzi, G., Paciarotti, C., & Schiraldi, M. M. (2024) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2024.2348007 · Cited by 6
“In HIIG-C, the emphasis on intrinsic motivation and identified regulation, known as self-determined forms of motivation, appears to be in the background (Guay, Vallerand, and Blanchard 2000; Ryan and Deci 2020).”
White, R. L., Cocker, K. A. D., & Merom, D. (2024) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1002/hpja.918 · Cited by 7
“48 The SIMS consisted of the stem ‘ Why are you engaging in this activity (going to the gym) today?”
Motivations autodéterminées et lecture
Fenouillet, F., Marro, C., Meerschman, G., & Roussel, F. (2009) · Enfance · doi:10.4074/s0013754509004030 · Cited by 6
Experimental Study for Cultivating College Students’ Sports Motivation in Sport Education Model
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İlker, G. E., & Aşçı, H. (2018) · Hacettepe University Journal of Education · doi:10.16986/huje.2018043404 · Cited by 6
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“Guay et al. (2000) also concluded that situational motivation connected to a specific academic activity was related to general motivational orientation within the school context.”
BackgroundMethodDevelopment of the Motivation to Participate in Psychological Research Scale
Freng, S. (2020) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000317 · Cited by 8
Signore, A., Semenchuk, B. N., & Strachan, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2020-0300 · Cited by 7
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The motivational power of mobile gamified exercise apps
Bitrián, P., Buil, I., & Catalán, S. (2022) · Cuadernos de Gestión · doi:10.5295/cdg.211629pb · Cited by 9
Rash, I., Helgason, M., Jansons, D., Mitchell, L., & Sakakibara, B. M. (2022) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-022-01189-8 · Cited by 7
“Total scores range from 16 to 112 with higher scores indicating greater motivation [59, 60].”
BackgroundGATUGU: Six Perspectives of Evaluation of Gamified Systems
Swacha, J., Queirós, R., & Paiva, J. C. (2023) · Information · doi:10.3390/info14020136 · Cited by 8
Choi, S. M., Sum, R. K. W., Leung, F. L. E., & Sit, C. H. P. (2023) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.2022-0109 · Cited by 8
Perin, M. G., Melo, L. D. A., de Souza, C. R. B., de Almeida, A. C. D. B., & Filho, F. F. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103223 · Cited by 7
Vijayan, V., Fang, S., Barclay, S. A., Reissman, M. E., & Reissman, T. (2024) · International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education · doi:10.1177/03064190241240463 · Cited by 6
Modern software and physical education: can online training enhance gym training?
Ge, L., Li, M., & Ning, C. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-05345-x · Cited by 9
“Exercise motivation was determined using the Situ-ational Motivation Scale (SIMS), proposed by Guay et al. [36].”
MethodStals, S., Baillie, L., Ferguson, J. I., Abbott, D., Maarek, M., Shah, R., & Louchart, S. (2025) · Games Research and Practice · doi:10.1145/3709745 · Cited by 7
Organizational Commitment as a Measure of Managerial Motivation
Sharma, B. R., Mohapatra, M., & Rai, S. (2013) · Management and Labour Studies · doi:10.1177/0258042x13509735 · Cited by 6
Abós, Á., Sevil‐Serrano, J., Sanz-Remacha, M., & García‐González, L. (2015) · Sportis Scientific Journal of School Sport Physical Education and Psychomotricity · doi:10.17979/sportis.2015.1.2.1406 · Cited by 6
A Generalized Darwinism Perspective on Changes in Individuals’ Use of Information Systems
Tennant, V., Mills, A., & Chin, W. W. (2014) · International Conference on Information Systems · Cited by 6
Questionnaire layout and national culture in online psychometrics
van Schaik, P., Wong, S. L., & Teo, T. P. (2014) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2014.08.005 · Cited by 6
The Impacts of Societal Context on Student Motivation and Engagement
Stolk, J. D. (2013) · MRS Proceedings · doi:10.1557/opl.2013.427 · Cited by 6
Zaitouni, M. (2016) · International Journal of Business and Social Research · doi:10.18533/ijbsr.v6i1.742 · Cited by 6
“Intrinsically motivated employees are more aware of the importance of their development, and are more likely to be engaged in the work of their colleagues than employees with lower intrinsic motivation (Guay et al., 2000; Vansteenkiste et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSian, P.-C., & Tan, S.-H. (2012) · Cited by 6
A Serious Game to Teach Computing Concepts
Kletenik, D., Salinas, F., Shulman, C., Bergeron, C., & Sturm, D. (2017) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58753-0_23 · Cited by 6
“2, based on [30], except that we used a 5-point Likert scale instead of a 7-point one.”
MethodEnhancing Student Motivation and Efficacy through Soft Robot Design
Jackson, A., Mentzer, N., Zhang, J., & Kramer, R. K. (2018) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--28280 · Cited by 6
Student Motivation in a Peer Designed and Delivered Course
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“used the Self-Determination Theory in the development of the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) [9].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-Care Posters Serve as a Low-Cost Option for Physical Activity Promotion of Hospital Nurses
Raney, M. A., & Zanten, E. V. (2018) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839918763585 · Cited by 6
Kéri, A. (2019) · Vezetéstudomány / Budapest Management Review · doi:10.14267/veztud.2019.01.04 · Cited by 6
Pettinico, G., Milne, G. R., & Miller, E. G. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12250 · Cited by 6
Bissessar, C. S., Black, D., & Boolaky, M. (2020) · European Journal of Open Distance and E-Learning · doi:10.2478/eurodl-2019-0003 · Cited by 7
Virtual-Reality-Simulationstraining in der Notfallsanitäterausbildung
Lerner, D., Wichmann, D., & Wegner, K. (2019) · retten! · doi:10.1055/a-0820-8614 · Cited by 6
“Außerdem war das virtuelle Simulationstraining in beiden Erprobungsphasen mit einer signifikanten Steigerung der intrinsischen Motivation (t(41) = 3,48, p 0,01) bei den Auszubildenden verbunden.”
BackgroundInfluentialIntelligent Games for Learning and the Remediation of Dyslexia: Using Automaticity Principles
Jamshidifarsani, H., Garbaya, S., Lim, T., & Blazevic, P. (2021) · IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics Magazine · doi:10.1109/msmc.2020.3007131 · Cited by 11
“The results of the SUS and SIMS are promising.”
MethodInfluentialAdmiraal, W., Post, L. S., Lockhorst, D., Louws, M. L., & Liesbeth Kester, A. (2020) · The European Educational Researcher · doi:10.31757/euer.333 · Cited by 6
Mirhosseini, F., & Batooli, Z. (2021) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102439 · Cited by 8
sCool - Game Based Learning in STEM Education: A Case Study in Secondary Education
Steinmaurer, A., Pirker, J., & Gütl, C. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11932-4_58 · Cited by 6
Análisis Motivacional del Alumnado Universitario Transfronterizo de Ceuta y Melilla
Sánchez-Bolívar, L., Escalante-González, S., & Martínez-Martínez, A. (2021) · Revista Complutense de Educación · doi:10.5209/rced.70306 · Cited by 6
Self-determination in physical education: designing class environments to promote active lifestyles
Bryan, C. (2006) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.2212 · Cited by 7
Aggarwal, A., Chen, S., Lee, J., Tracy, A., Qiao, S., Li, X., & Yang, C. (2024) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.55 · Cited by 4
Hindman, S., King, R., & Pereira, A. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105344 · Cited by 6
Pang, B., Moullin, J. C., Thompson, C., Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, C., Stamatakis, E. A., Ahmadi, M. N., & McVeigh, J. A. (2025) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaf244 · Cited by 5
“Habit formation was measured by the self-reported habit index [18] and the 16-item situational motivation scale [19].”
Islam, M. A., Islam, M. A., Amin, M. B., Hossain, M. M., Hassan, M. S., Afrin, S., & Oláh, J. (2025) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102210 · Cited by 5
A LLM-based pedagogical framework for active, inquiry-based and adaptive learning in L2 writing
Wang, R., Yin, Y. S., & Cao, Y. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100535 · Cited by 8
Nebel, S., Beege, M., Schneider, S., & Rey, G. D. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102425 · Cited by 5
Hu, P., Gao, B., Fan, J., & Li, K. (2024) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2024.2362365 · Cited by 6
“Originally developed by Guay, Vallerand, and Blanchard (2000), the amotivation scale has been utilised to measure the motivational variable in a context similar to this study and has shown good reliability (Bolaños-Medina and Núñez 2022).”
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“Amotivation refers to behaviors that are neither intrinsically nor extrinsically motivated, are associated with a lack of self-determination and sense of purpose, and are often viewed as “learned helplessness” (Guay et al., 2000).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Guay, F., Vallerand, R. J., & Blanchard, C.
- Affiliations
- Université Laval (CA)
- Université du Québec à Montréal (CA)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Guay, Frédéric
- Venue
- Motivation and Emotion
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 175-213
- ISSN
- 0146-7239 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6644
- OpenAlex
- W1633674991
- Semantic Scholar
- 3341e4c44829cb9f1fb472a968112765318f324a
- Cited by
- 1,579
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 111 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 133 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 8.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Motivation and Emotion (publishedVersion)
- Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Keywords
- Situational Motivation Scale, situational motivation, intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, external regulation, amotivation, self-report measures, scale development, construct validity
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