Social anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: Current status and future directions

Kashdan, Todd B.; Herbert, James D.

doi:10.1023/a:1009576610507

Cited by 205Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Therapy and Development

Social anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: Current status and future directions

Kashdan, Todd B., Herbert, James D.·2001·Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

DOI 10.1023/a:1009576610507

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Abstract

This paper reviews the current status of research on the phenomenology, etiology, maintenance, assessment, and treatment of childhood and adolescent social anxiety disorder (SAD). Despite being one of the most prevalent disorders of childhood and adolescence, SAD paradoxically stands as one of the least recognized, researched, and treated pediatric disorders. The small treatment outcome literature provides preliminary support to the effectiveness of various forms of cognitive behavior therapy. The majority of studies to date, however, are limited by inadequate control conditions. Other findings include some support for the utility of parental involvement in treatment, significant advancements in outcome measures (e.g., normative comparisons, indices of naturalistic social functioning), and impressive durability of gains for the majority of treatments. Future directions are suggested, including experimental and naturalistic studies of developmental pathways and maintenance factors, the incorporation of "positive psychology" constructs (e.g., positive emotions, hope, self-control) in treatment and prevention, and the continued delineation of differences between child, adolescent, and adult manifestations of SAD.

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SAD presents one of the lowest rates of treatment seeking.
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From The Prevalence of Adolescent Social Fears and Social Anxiety Disorder in School Contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [17]

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Social phobia: An analysis of possible developmental factors.
Stemberger, R. M. T., Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Calhoun, K. S. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.104.3.526 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Social phobia subtype and avoidant personality disorder: Effect on severity of social phobia, impairment, and outcome of cognitive behavioral treatment
Brown, E. J., Heimberg, R. G., & Juster, H. R. (1995) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80095-4 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
A Direct-Interview Family Study of Generalized Social Phobia
Stein, M. B., Chartier, M. J., Hazen, A. L., Kozak, M. V., Tancer, M. E., Lander, S., Furer, P., Chubaty, D., & Walker, J. R. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.1.90 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Seasonal Variation in the Occurrence of Homicide in Finland
Tiihonen, J., Räsänen, P. K., & Hakko, H. H. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.12.1711 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Social Phobia and Overanxious Disorder in School-Age Children
Beidel, D. C. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199107000-00003 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Social phobia in general health care: an unrecognised undertreated disabling disorder
Weiller, E., Bisserbe, J. C., Boyer, P., Lepine, J. P., & Lecrubier, Y. (1996) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.168.2.169 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The Boundary of Social Phobia
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Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia in female adolescents: results of a pilot study
HAYWARD, C., VARADY, S., ALBANO, A. M., THIENEMANN, M., HENDERSON, L., & SCHATZBERG, A. F. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200006000-00010 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
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Social phobia: A comparison of specific and generalized subtypes and avoidant personality disorder.
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Townsley, R. M. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.101.2.326 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents: Normative Data and Further Evidence of Construct Validity
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Issues in the diagnosis and assessment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
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Children's Perceptions of Self and of Relationships with Others as a Function of Sociometric Status
Patterson, C. J., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Griesler, P. C. (1990) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02865.x · Cited by 203 · see citing works
The role of social anxiety in adolescent peer relations: Differences among sociometric status groups and rejected subgroups
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Differences in perceptions of parental and personal characteristics between generalized and nongeneralized social phobics
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Negative reactions to depressive behaviors: A communication theories analysis.
Segrin, C. G., & Abramson, L. Y. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.103.4.655 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Reported Parental Characteristics of Agoraphobics and Social Phobics
Parker, G. B. (1979) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.135.6.555 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
A Direct Interview Family Study of Social Phobia
Fyer, A. J. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820160056007 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
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Gender differences in phobias: Results of the ECA community survey
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Social phobia: A comparison of behavior therapy and atenolol.
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Shy children, phobic adults: Nature and treatment of social phobia.
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Social phobia: An analysis of possible developmental factors.
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Cognitive-behavioral group treatment for social phobia in adolescents. A preliminary study
ALBANO, A. M., MARTEN, P. A., HOLT, C. S., HEIMBERG, R. G., & BARLOW, D. H. (1995) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199510000-00006 · Cited by 184 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further, adolescents with SAD mirror adults with high rates of suicidal ideation (Francis, Last, & Strauss, 1992), excessive self-focused attention in social situations (Albano et al., 1995), and alcohol abuse (Clark, Bukstein, Smith, & Kaczynski, 1996).”
Background
Individual response patterns and the effects of different behavioral methods in the treatment of social phobia
Öst, L., Jerremalm, A., & Johansson, J. (1981) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(81)90107-8 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Responses of “generalized” and “discrete” social phobics during public speaking
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Social phobia and positive social events: The price of success
Wallace, S. T., & Alden, L. E. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.3.416 · Cited by 175 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…perspective of SAD, the fact remains that such negative interpersonal experiences appear to be associated with an increase in the likelihood of dysphoria and other negative emotions, poor self-efficacy, and increased avoidance behaviors (Alden, Bieling, & Wallace, 1994; Wallace & Alden, 1997).”
Background
Social and simple phobias in children
Strauss, C. C., & Last, C. G. (1993) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(93)90012-a · Cited by 173 · see citing works
A multicomponent behavioral treatment for social phobia: Social effectiveness therapy
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Family involvement in treating children with phobic and anxiety disorders: A look ahead
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A preliminary study of the emotion understanding of youths referred for treatment of anxiety disorders
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Situational determinants of social anxiety in clinic and nonclinic samples: Physiological and cognitive correlates.
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Larkin, K. T. (1986) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.54.4.523 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Descriptive psychopathology of social phobia
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Situational and interpersonal correlates of anxiety associated with peer victimisation
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The social phobia and anxiety inventory: Concurrent and external validity
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Stanley, M. A., & Dancu, C. V. (1989) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(89)80060-7 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The social phobia and anxiety inventory for children (SPAI-C): External and discriminative validity
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The efficacy of psychoanalysis for children with disruptive disorders.
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Negative reactions to depressive behaviors: A communication theories analysis.
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Fluoxetine for Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Birmaher, B. B., Waterman, G. S., Ryan, N. D., Cully, M., BALACH, L., INGRAM, J., & BRODSKY, M. (1994) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199409000-00009 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Trends in the prevalence of social phobia in the United States: a synthetic cohort analysis of changes over four decades
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Social phobia: Relationship to shyness
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Social Skills Problems in Neurotic Outpatients
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Children's Perceptions of Self and of Relationships with Others as a Function of Sociometric Status
Patterson, C. J., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Griesler, P. C. (1990) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130746 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Assessment of childhood social phobia: Construct, convergent, and discriminative validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety inventory for Children (SPA-C).
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Paroxetine in the Treatment of Generalized Social Phobia
Stein, M. B., Chartier, M., Hazen, A. L., Kroft, C. D. L., Chale, R. A., Cote, D. D., & Walker, J. R. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199606000-00005 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
A European perspective on social anxiety disorder
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Perfectionism in an interpersonal context: A self-regulation analysis of dysphoria and social anxiety
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Validity of the social avoidance and distress and fear of negative evaluation scales
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Social phobia: a comparative evaluation of cognitive and behavioral interventions
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Attentional focus and causal attributions in social phobia: Implications from social psychology
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Social phobia and perceptions of early parental and personal characteristics
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Situational determinants of social anxiety in clinic and nonclinic samples: Physiological and cognitive correlates.
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Cognitive and physiological reactivity and the effects of different behavioral methods in the treatment of social phobia
Jerremalm, A., Jansson, L., & Öst, L. (1986) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90088-4 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Exposure in vivo vs social skills training for social phobia: Long-term outcome and differential effects
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Shyness and Children's Emotionality, Regulation, and Coping: Contemporaneous, Longitudinal, and Across-Context Relations
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Curiosity and Exploratory Behavior
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A High-Risk Pilot Study of the Children of Adults with Social Phobia
Mancini, C., Ameringen, M. V., Szatmári, P., FUGERE, C., & Boyle, M. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199611000-00020 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Family history of psychiatric disorders in social phobia
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Treatment of Social Phobia by Exposure, Cognitive Restructuring, and Homework Assignments
Heimberg, R. G., BECKER, R. E., Goldfinger, K. B., & Vermilyea, J. A. (1985) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198504000-00006 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The Relationship of Behavioral Inhibition and Shyness to Anxiety Disorder
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Avoidant Disorder and Social Phobia in Children and Adolescents
FRANCIS, G., LAST, C. G., & STRAUSS, C. C. (1992) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199211000-00014 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Neurobiological perspectives on social phobia: from affiliation to zoology
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Social sources and interactive functions of emotion: The case of embarrassment.
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Peer rejection in childhood
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Familial and developmental antecedents of social phobia: Issues and findings
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Concurrent validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory
Herbert, J. D., Bellack, A. S., & Hope, D. A. (1991) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00960447 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
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Identifying anxiety disorders in adolescents hospitalized for alcohol abuse or dependence
Clark, D. B., Bukstein, O. G., Smith, M. G., Kaczynski, N. A., Mezzich, A. C., & Donovan, J. E. (1995) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.46.6.618 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Nocturnal enuresis as a biobehavioral problem
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Social Phobia or Social Anxiety Disorder: What's in a Name?
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The feasibility and validity of a daily diary for the assessment of anxiety in children
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Untitled work
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“Specifically, SAD presents one of the lowest rates of treatment seeking [16,17].”
BackgroundResult
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Authors: Kashdan, T. B., & Herbert, J. D.
Affiliations: University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
Corresponding author: Kashdan, Todd B.
ORCID: Kashdan, Todd B.
Venue: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2001-03
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 37-61
ISSN: 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
1573-2827
DOI: 10.1023/a:1009576610507
OpenAlex: W1802607147
Cited by: 205
References: 212
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 9.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH052232)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
Keywords: social anxiety disorder, childhood anxiety, adolescent anxiety, cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment outcomes, parental involvement, etiology, hygiene factors, positive psychology, prevention, developmental pathways, normative comparison
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child Behavior, Child Health Services, Environment, Forecasting, Humans, Mental Health Services, Phobic Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

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Social anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: Current status and future directions

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