Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial.
Abstract
A family-based treatment for childhood anxiety was evaluated. Children (n = 79) aged 7 to 14 who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for separation anxiety, overanxious disorder, or social phobia were randomly allocated to 3 treatment conditions: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), CBT plus family management (CBT+ FAM ), and waiting list. The effectiveness of the interventions was evaluated at posttreatment and at 6 and 12 months follow-up. The results indicated that across treatment conditions, 69.8% of the children no longer fulfilled diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder, compared with 26% of the waiting-list children. At the 1 2-month follow-up, 70.3% of the children in the CBT group and 95.6% of the children in the CBT + FAM group did not meet criteria. Comparisons of children receiving CBT with those receiving CBT+ FAM on self-report measures and clinician ratings indicated added benefits from CBT+ FAM treatment. Age and gender interacted with treatment condition, with younger children and female participants responding better to the CBT+ FAM condition.
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The finding of more significant improvements in boys than girls is inconsistent with an early study of 79 children with anxiety in 1996 that reported gender differences indicating younger, female children benefitted more from parental involvement [33].
“An early study of 79 children with anxiety in 1996 reported gender differences in the way parents interacted with anxious children, indicating that younger, female children benefitted more from parental involvement [33]. It is inconsistent with our finding.”
An early study of 79 children with anxiety in 1996 reported gender differences in the way parents interacted with anxious children, indicating that younger, female children benefitted more from parental involvement.
“An early study of 79 children with anxiety in 1996 reported gender differences in the way parents interacted with anxious children, indicating that younger, female children benefitted more from parental involvement [33].”
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“after CBT alone (56%), whereas for children ages 11 to 14 years, no difference was found (both 60%).(5) Hence,”
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“Their CBT + FAM intervention has been shown to be more ef®cacious in reducing anxiety than Coping Cat alone and to be superior to wait list control conditions (Barrett et al., 1996).”
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Prevention of Anxiety Symptoms in Children: Results From a Universal School-Based Trial
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., Sasagawa, S., & Ollendick, T. H. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.08.003 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“Fifth, in the last few years, several investigators have augmented child-focused CBT (CCBT) with family involvement (FCBT; e.g., Barrett et al., 1996; Cobham et al., 1999).”
BackgroundSocial anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: Current status and future directions
Kashdan, T. B., & Herbert, J. D. (2001) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009576610507 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Common versus specific factors in psychotherapy: opening the black box
Mulder, R., Murray, G., & Rucklidge, J. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30100-1 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders in children: Family matters
Ginsburg, G. S., Siqueland, L., Masia‐Warner, C., & Hedtke, K. A. (2004) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(04)80005-1 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
James, A. C., Soler, A., & Weatherall, R. R. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004690.pub2 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Attachment, Behavioral Inhibition, and Anxiety in Preschool Children
Shamir-Essakow, G., Ungerer, J. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2005) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-1822-2 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“However, fears and anxieties that persist and impair adaptive functioning or cause significant distress become phobias and anxiety disorders that warrant clinical attention ( Barrett, Dadds, & Rapee, 1996 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKolko, D. J., Brent, D. A., BAUGHER, M., Bridge, J. A., & Birmaher, B. B. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.603 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The Effects of Parent Participation on Child Psychotherapy Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Review
Dowell, K. A., & Ogles, B. M. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410903532585 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Research findings have demonstrated significant improvements associated with CBT for antisocial behaviors (Kazdin et al, 1987 ), as well as depression (Brent et al, 1997 ) and anxiety (Barrett, Dadds, & Rapee, 1996 ; Kendall, 1994 ) among children.”
BackgroundEvaluation of child therapy and caregiver training in the treatment of school refusal
HEYNE, D., KING, N. J., TONGE, B. J., ROLLINGS, S., YOUNG, D., PRITCHARD, M., & OLLENDICK, T. H. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200206000-00008 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Breinholst, S., Esbjørn, B. H., Reinholdt‐Dunne, M. L., & Stallard, P. N. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.014 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“, 2001) whilst others involved parents and child in the same session (Barrett et al., 1996; Barrett, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialField, A. P., & Lester, K. J. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0078-8 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
School-Based Treatment for Anxious African-American Adolescents: A Controlled Pilot Study
Ginsburg, G. S., & Drake, K. L. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200207000-00007 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy
Weisz, J. R., & Jensen, P. S. (1999) · Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1023/a:1022321812352 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Hudson, J. L., Rapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., McLellan, L. F., Wuthrich, V. M., & Schniering, C. A. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.06.007 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationBarrett, P. M., Farrell, L. J., Dadds, M. R., & Boulter, N. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000172555.26349.94 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“Previous research has demonstrated that families with a child who has OCD tend to be less positive in their behavioral interactions than are other families (Barrett et al., 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHudson, J. L., Rapee, R. M., Deveney, C., Schniering, C. A., Lyneham, H. J., & Bovopoulos, N. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31819c2401 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationMammarella, I. C., Ghisi, M., Bomba, M., Bottesi, G., Caviola, S., Broggi, F., & Nacinovich, R. (2014) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219414529336 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“…available for anxiety disorders in childhood (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2007), it would be advisable to combine individual and group interventions at school with training for parents (Barrett, Dadds, & Rapee, 1996; Muris, Mayer, Bartelds, Tierney, & Bogie, 2001).”
BackgroundSchool-Based Interventions for Anxious Children
Bernstein, G. A., Layne, A. E., Egan, E. A., & Tennison, D. M. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000177323.40005.a1 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Child and Adolescent Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Barrett, P. M., Farrell, L. J., Piña, A., Peris, T. S., & Piacentini, J. C. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701817956 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“By contrast, interventions for non-OCD anxiety including separate regular standardized parent sessions occurring in parallel to the child treatment are considered family-based (e.g., Barrett et al., 1996; Cobham, Dadds, & Spence, 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis
Ishikawa, S., Okajima, I., Matsuoka, H., & Sakano, Y. (2007) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2006.00433.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Emotion Socialization in Families of Children With an Anxiety Disorder
Suveg, C. M., Zeman, J. L., Flannery-Schroeder, E. C., & Cassano, M. C. (2005) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-1823-1 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“In one study, Barrett et al. (1996) examined parental influence on 7- to 14-year-old children who were diagnosed as anxious (anxiety disorder), oppositional-defiant (ODD), or received no diagnosis.”
BackgroundInfluentialAnxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A summary and overview of the literature
Rapee, R. M., Creswell, C., Kendall, P. C., Pine, D. S., & Waters, A. M. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104376 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationFamily-Based Treatment Research: A 10-Year Update
Diamond, G., & Josephson, A. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000169010.96783.4e · Cited by 172 · see citing works
- Authors
- Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1996
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 333-342
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W4294809992
- Cited by
- 791
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 26.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Keywords
- childhood anxiety, family-based treatment, family management, cognitive behavioral therapy, separation anxiety disorder, overanxious disorder, social anxiety disorder, treatment effectiveness
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