The DOI matches its Crossref record; 172 of the 175 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Emotional Brain, Fear, and the Amygdala
Open accessAbstract
1. Considerable progress has been made over the past 20 years in relating specific circuits of the brain to emotional functions. Much of this work has involved studies of Pavlovian or classical fear conditioning, a behavioral procedure that is used to couple meaningless environmental stimuli to emotional (defense) response networks. 2. The major conclusion from studies of fear conditioning is that the amygdala plays critical role in linking external stimuli to defense responses. 3. Before describing research on the role of the amygdala in fear conditioning, though, it will be helpful to briefly examine the historical events that preceded modern research on conditioned fear.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Briefly, the association between a stimulus predicting shock and the shock forms in basolateral regions of the amygdala.”
From Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience. (2016) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“From there the information passes to the central nucleus of the amygdala, which in turns projects to the regions that control the behaviors and physiological responses that are the symptoms of fear (Davis, Rainnie, & Cassell, 1994; LeDoux, 2003; Maren & Quirk, 2004).”
From Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience. (2016) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“The anatomical projections from the amygdala and mPFC to the hypothalamus, PAG, locus ceruleus, raphe, and autonomic-related brainstem nuclei play major roles in organizing the endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stressors and emotional stimuli (Figure 10) (Davis and Shi, 1999;LeDoux, 2003;O ¨ngu ¨r et al, 2003).”
From Neurocircuitry of Mood Disorders (2010) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“Parallel and convergent efferent projections from the amygdala and the medial prefrontal network to the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray (PAG), nucleus basalis, locus ceruleus, dorsal raphe, and medullary vagal nuclei organize neuroendocrine, autonomic, neurotransmitter and behavioral responses to stressors and emotional stimuli”
From Neurocircuitry of Mood Disorders (2010) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“Amygdala stimulation of the locus ceruleus, lateral hypothalamus and PAG increases sympathetic autonomic arousal in rodents (Fig. 5) (LeDoux 2003; Gold and Chrousos 2002).”
From Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression (2008) · cites this paper as LeDoux 2003
In the citing paper
“The BLA sends anatomical projections to the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe) and the BNST, and projections from these structures to the hypothalamus, PAG, nucleus basalis, locus ceruleus, raphe and other diencencephalic and brainstem nuclei play major roles in organizing the neuroendocrine, neurotransmitter, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stressors and emotional stimuli (Davis and Shi”
From Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression (2008) · cites this paper as LeDoux 2003
In the citing paper
“positive memories are rarely induced in mice, unlike fear conditioning, which is more commonly used for its robustness and long-lasting effects [45–47].”
From Positive early-life olfactory memory is rooted in the olfactory bulb and triggers large-scale changes beyond the olfactory system (2026) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“The expression and inhibition of learned fear is largely regulated by the amygdala, hippocampus, and PFC in adult rodents and humans (Knapska et al., 2012;LeDoux, 2003;Maren and Quirk, 2004;Tovote et al., 2015)”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“required for the acquisition and expression of learned fear”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“Fear is a defensive mechanism that activates behavioral and neurobiological responses to danger that promote survival, including freezing and activation of sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“An extensive literature in rodents has characterized the neural circuitry that underlies fear learning using Pavlovian fear conditioning tasks”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“The CMA is critical in the generation of behavioral responses through projections to the brainstem, striatum, and regions of the cortex (LeDoux, 2003).”
From Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions (2015) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“The amygdala can be subdivided into basolateral (BLA), centromedial (CMA) and superficial (SFA) nuclei, each with distinct functional connections to the cortex supporting different brain functions.”
From Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions (2015) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“The BLA facilitates associative learning processes, like fear conditioning, through afferent projections from the frontal cortex and other subcortical regions (LeDoux, 2003, Phelps and LeDoux, 2005).”
From Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions (2015) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“Converging evidence from this field suggests the amygdalaa key brain region for emotion regulation (LeDoux, 2003), processing (Seeley et al., 2007), detection (Ousdal et al., 2008), and vigilance for social cues across sensory modalities (Whalen, 2007) is an important target of OT administration.”
In the citing paper
“decreasing amygdala cholinergic activity through α4β2* nAChR blockade could decrease stress reactivity and depression-like symptoms (LeDoux, 2003; Mineur et al., 2007)”
From Mood and anxiety regulation by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: A potential pathway to modulate aggression and related behavioral states (2015) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“The quality of parent-child relationships affects both sexual behavior and neural development and activation, specifically in the amygdala”
From Becoming a sexual being: The “elephant in the room” of adolescent brain development (2017) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
In the citing paper
“which has been associated with reward processing (Ernst et al., 2005), emotional processing (Whalen et al., 2013), and fear response (LeDoux, 2003)”
From Becoming a sexual being: The “elephant in the room” of adolescent brain development (2017) · cites this paper as LeDoux, 2003
Citations
Cites
(1999) · Cited by 12,812
A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
Bliss, T. V. P., & Collingridge, G. L. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/361031a0 · Cited by 11,566
Plum, F. (1960) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1960.03840090124020 · Cited by 10,388
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444
Self-citationDESCARTES' ERROR: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
Marg, E. (1995) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1002/j.1538-9235.1995.tb03988.x · Cited by 8,178
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120
Bliss, T. V. P., & Gardner-Medwin, A. R. (1973) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010274 · Cited by 7,424
(1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,217
Working with Emotional Intelligence
Goleman, D. (1999) · ETC: A Review of General Semantics · doi:10.66774/etc_5601_103 · Cited by 6,254
(1962) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,856
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,004
Retigabine: Chemical Synthesis to Clinical Application
Blackburn-Munro, G., Dalby‐Brown, W., Mirza, N. R., Mikkelsen, J. D., & Blackburn-Munro, R. E. (2006) · CNS Drug Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00033.x · Cited by 126
From Malthus to motive: How the HPA axis engineers the phenotype, yoking needs to wants
Pecoraro, N. C., Dallman, M. F., Warne, J. P., Ginsberg, A. B., Laugero, K. D., la Fleur, S. E., Houshyar, H., Gómez-Oliver, F., Bhargava, A., & Akana, S. F. (2006) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.07.004 · Cited by 125
Reward‐aversion circuitry in analgesia and pain: Implications for psychiatric disorders
Borsook, D., Becerra, L. R., Carlezon, W. A., Shaw, M. E., Renshaw, P. F., Elman, I., & Levine, J. D. (2006) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.12.005 · Cited by 124
Simons, L. E., Pielech, M., Erpelding, N., Linnman, C., Moulton, E. A., Sava, S., Lebel, A., Serrano, P. V., Sethna, N. F., Berde, C. B., et al. (2014) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.023 · Cited by 124
Neuroplasticity in response to cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder
Månsson, K. N. T., Salami, A., Frick, A., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Furmark, T., & Boraxbekk, C. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.218 · Cited by 124
Transitions in sensitive period attachment learning in infancy: The role of corticosterone
Sullivan, R. M., & Holman, P. J. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.010 · Cited by 124
Vance, A., Anderson, B. B., Kirwan, C. B., & Eargle, D. (2014) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00375 · Cited by 124
Balters, S., & Steinert, M. (2015) · Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/s10845-015-1145-2 · Cited by 124
Prioritized Detection of Personally Familiar Faces
Gobbini, M. I., Gors, J. D., Halchenko, Y. O., Rogers, C., Guntupalli, J. S., Hughes, H. C., & Cipolli, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066620 · Cited by 123
Stress-Activity Mapping: Physiological Responses During General Duty Police Encounters
Baldwin, S., Bennell, C., Andersen, J. P., Semple, T., & Jenkins, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02216 · Cited by 123
Moody, T. W., & Merali, Z. (2004) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.02.012 · Cited by 123
Neural, cognitive, and evolutionary foundations of human altruism
Marsh, A. A. (2015) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1377 · Cited by 122
Evans, G. W., & Fuller‐Rowell, T. E. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12082 · Cited by 122
Failure of Neural Responses to Safety Cues in Schizophrenia
Holt, D. J., Coombs, G., Zeidan, M. A., Goff, D. C., & Milad, M. R. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2310 · Cited by 121
Staples, L., McGregor, I. S., Apfelbach, R., & Hunt, G. E. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.11.039 · Cited by 121
Neurobiological mechanisms underlying emotional processing in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Passamonti, L., Cerasa, A., Liguori, M., Gioia, M. C., Valentino, P., Nisticò, R., Quattrone, A., & Fera, F. S. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp095 · Cited by 120
Faber, E. S. L., Delaney, A., Power, J., Sedlak, P. L., Crane, J. W., & Sah, P. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1796-08.2008 · Cited by 120
The learned immune response: Pavlov and beyond
Schedlowski, M., & Pacheco‐López, G. (2009) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.007 · Cited by 120
Psychometric Testing of a Respiratory Distress Observation Scale
Campbell, M. (2008) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2007.0090 · Cited by 119
Caria, A., Venuti, P., & de Falco, S. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr084 · Cited by 118
The Origins of Specific Phobias: Influential Theories and Current Perspectives
Coelho, C. M., & Purkis, H. M. (2009) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017759 · Cited by 118
Sciolino, N. R., & Holmes, P. V. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.005 · Cited by 118
Yoshida, T., Uchigashima, M., Yamasaki, M., Katona, I., Yamazaki, M., Sakimura, K., Kano, M., Yoshioka, M., & Watanabe, M. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1012875108 · Cited by 117
Sturm, V. J. F., Fricke, O., Bührle, C., Lenartz, D., Maarouf, M., Treuer, H., Mai, J. K., & Lehmkuhl, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00341 · Cited by 116
Colasanti, A., Rabiner, E. A., Lingford-Hughes, A. R., & Nutt, D. (2010) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881110367726 · Cited by 115
Berretz, G., Packheiser, J., Kumsta, R., Wolf, O. T., & Ocklenburg, S. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.001 · Cited by 115
Murray, R. J., Brosch, T., & Sander, D. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.06.010 · Cited by 114
Midbrain activation during pavlovian conditioning and delusional symptoms in schizophrenia
Romaniuk, L., Honey, G. D., King, J. R. L., Whalley, H. C., McIntosh, A. M., Levita, L., Hughes, M., Johnstone, E. C., Day, M., Lawrie, S. M., et al. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.169 · Cited by 113
Gehlert, D. R., Shekhar, A., Morin, S. M., Hipskind, P. A., Zink, C., Gackenheimer, S. L., Shaw, J., Fitz, S. D., & Sajdyk, T. J. (2005) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.12.030 · Cited by 112
The Role of Cognitive Control in Older Adults' Emotional Well-Being
Mather, M. (2008) · Cited by 111
Roseboom, P. H., Nanda, S. A., Bakshi, V. P., Trentani, A., Newman, S. M., & Kalin, N. H. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.10.002 · Cited by 111
Morris, H. V., Dawson, G. R., Reynolds, D. S., Atack, J. R., & Stephens, D. N. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04775.x · Cited by 111
Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00032 · Cited by 110
Gutsy Moves: The Amygdala as a Critical Node in Microbiota to Brain Signaling
Cowan, C. S. M., Hoban, A. E., Ventura‐Silva, A. P., Dinan, T. G., Clarke, G. A., & Cryan, J. F. (2017) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201700172 · Cited by 110
The face-in-the-crowd effect: When angry faces are just cross(es)
Coelho, C. M., Cloete, S., & Wallis, G. M. (2010) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/10.1.7 · Cited by 110
Developmental emergence of fear learning corresponds with changes in amygdala synaptic plasticity
Thompson, J. V., Sullivan, R. M., & Wilson, D. A. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.057 · Cited by 109
Effects of stress and corticosterone on activity and plasticity in the amygdala
Kavushansky, A., & Richter‐Levin, G. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21058 · Cited by 109
Berretta, S., Pantazopoulos, H., & LANGE, N. D. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.023 · Cited by 109
Rapid treatment-induced brain changes in pediatric CRPS
Erpelding, N., Simons, L., Lebel, A., Serrano, P., Pielech, M., Prabhu, S., Becerra, L., & Borsook, D. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0957-8 · Cited by 108
Infantolino, Z. P., Luking, K. R., Sauder, C. L., Curtin, J. J., & Hajcak, G. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.024 · Cited by 108
Dopamine Neurons Reflect the Uncertainty in Fear Generalization
Jo, Y. S., Heymann, G., & Zweifel, L. S. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.028 · Cited by 108
THE POTENTIAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE FOR INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCHPreprint
Dimoka, A., Pavlou, P. A., & Davis, F. D. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 108
Oral contraceptive usage alters the effects of cortisol on implicit fear learning
Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Schweckendiek, J., Klucken, T., Vaitl, D., Stark, R. M., & Wolf, O. T. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.09.001 · Cited by 107
Pannekoek, J. N., Veer, I. M., van Tol, M., van der Werff, S. J. A., Demenescu, L. R., Aleman, A., Veltman, D. J., Zitman, F. G., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & van der Wee, N. J. A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.006 · Cited by 107
Hunger-Dependent Enhancement of Food Cue Responses in Mouse Postrhinal Cortex and Lateral Amygdala
Burgess, C. R., Ramesh, R. N., Sugden, A. U., Levandowski, K. M., Minnig, M. A., Fenselau, H., Lowell, B. B., & Andermann, M. L. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.032 · Cited by 107
Neural mechanisms of acquired phasic dopamine responses in learning
Hazy, T. E., Frank, M. J., & O’Reilly, R. C. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.019 · Cited by 107
Marin, M.-F., Camprodon, J. A., Dougherty, D. D., & Milad, M. R. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22252 · Cited by 106
Brown, C. A., & Jones, A. K. P. (2012) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31824c5d9f · Cited by 106
The Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Integration in Autism
Shalom, D. B. (2009) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858409336371 · Cited by 106
van Tol, M.-J., Demenescu, L. R., van der Wee, N. J. A., Kortekaas, R., Marjan M.A., N., Boer, J. A. D., Renken, R. J., van Buchem, M. A., Zitman, F. G., Aleman, A., et al. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.016 · Cited by 105
Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions
Alarcón, G., Cservenka, A., Rudolph, M. D., Fair, D. A., & Nagel, B. J. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.013 · Cited by 105
Amygdala contribution to selective dimensions of emotion
Berntson, G. G., Bechara, A., Damásio, H., Tranel, D., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm008 · Cited by 105
Goodman, J., Leong, K.-C., & Packard, M. G. (2012) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2012-0049 · Cited by 105
Connectome-Based Predictive Modeling of Individual Anxiety
Wang, Z., Goerlich, K. S., Ai, H., Aleman, A., Luo, Y., & Xu, P. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa407 · Cited by 105
Lamberton, P. H. L., Donnelly, C. A., & Webster, J. P. (2008) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182008004666 · Cited by 105
Fear conditioning and the basolateral amygdala
Sun, Y., Gooch, H., & Sah, P. (2020) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.21201.1 · Cited by 104
An Overview of Emotion in Artificial Intelligence
Assunção, G., Patrão, B., Castelo-Branco, M., & Menezes, P. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tai.2022.3159614 · Cited by 103
Emotion regulation in children and adolescents: Boundaries between normalcy and bipolar disorder
Dickstein, D. P., & Leibenluft, E. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060536 · Cited by 103
Impulsivity and Entrepreneurial Action
Wiklund, J., Yu, W., & Patzelt, H. (2017) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2016.0177 · Cited by 103
Mouse models of frontotemporal dementia
Roberson, E. D. (2012) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23722 · Cited by 103
Budinger, E., Laszcz, A., Lison, H., Scheich, H., & Ohl, F. W. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.084 · Cited by 103
Quintana, D. S., Westlye, L. T., Alnæs, D., Rustan, Ø. G., Kaufmann, T., Smerud, K. T., Mahmoud, R. A., Djupesland, P. G., & Andreassen, O. A. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.010 · Cited by 102
Smith, J. S., Schindler, A. G., Martinelli, E., Gustin, R. M., Bruchas, M. R., & Chavkin, C. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2980-11.2012 · Cited by 102
Fujiwara, T. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13464 · Cited by 102
Differential vocal responses to physical and mental stressors in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa)
Düpjan, S., Schön, P.-C., Puppe, B., Tuchscherer, A., & Manteuffel, G. (2008) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.12.005 · Cited by 102
Kim, J., & Gorman, J. M. (2005) · Clinical Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.cnr.2005.03.008 · Cited by 102
Akirav, I. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00034 · Cited by 102
Amygdala activation and symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Via, E., Cardoner, N., Pujol, J., Alonso, P., López-Solà, M., Real, E., Contreras-Rodríguez, O., Deus, J., Segalàs, C., Menchón, J. M., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.123364 · Cited by 101
Toward understanding the impact of trauma on the early developing human brain
Thomason, M. E., & Marusak, H. A. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.022 · Cited by 101
Localized Brain Volume and White Matter Integrity Alterations in Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa
Frank, G., Shott, M. E., Hagman, J., & Yang, T. T. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.07.007 · Cited by 101
Moonat, S., Sakharkar, A. J., Zhang, H., & Pandey, S. C. (2010) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00275.x · Cited by 100
Daniel, R., & Pollmann, S. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2205-09.2010 · Cited by 100
Hoehl, S., Wiese, L. K., & Striano, T. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002389 · Cited by 100
Juvenile Obesity Enhances Emotional Memory and Amygdala Plasticity through Glucocorticoids
Boitard, C., Maroun, M., Tantot, F., Cavaroc, A., Sauvant, J., Marchand, A. R., Layé, S., Capuron, L., Darnaudéry, M., Castanon, N., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3122-14.2015 · Cited by 99
When psychopathy impairs moral judgments: neural responses during judgments about causing fear
Marsh, A. A., & Cardinale, E. M. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss097 · Cited by 99
Exposure therapy triggers lasting reorganization of neural fear processing
Hauner, K. K. Y., Mineka, S., Voss, J. L., & Paller, K. A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1205242109 · Cited by 99
Bossong, M. G., van Hell, H. H., Jager, G., Kahn, R. S., Ramsey, N. F., & Jansma, J. M. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.06.009 · Cited by 99
Mahlke, C., & Wallhäußer-Franke, E. (2004) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2004.03.005 · Cited by 98
Aimee, M., Herbert, C., & Walla, P. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.065 · Cited by 98
Gilman, J. M., Ramchandani, V. A., Crouss, T., & Hommer, D. W. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.206 · Cited by 97
Inhibitory networks of the amygdala for emotional memory
Lee, S. H., Kim, S.-J., Kwon, O., Lee, J. H., & Kim, J. (2013) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2013.00129 · Cited by 96
Fear conditioning and stimulus generalization in patients with social anxiety disorder
Ahrens, L. M., Pauli, P., Reif, A., Mühlberger, A., Langs, G., Aalderink, T., & Wieser, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.10.003 · Cited by 96
The Amygdala Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance in a Valproate-Induced Rat Autism Model
Lin, H., Gean, P., Wang, C.-C., Chan, Y., & Chen, P. S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055248 · Cited by 96
Visser, R. M., Lau-Zhu, A., Henson, R. N., & Holmes, E. A. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0209 · Cited by 95
There is more than the amygdala: Potential threat assessment in the cingulate cortex
Fiddick, L. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.09.014 · Cited by 95
Passamonti, L., Rowe, J. B., Ewbank, M., Hampshire, A., Keane, J., & Calder, A. J. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.045 · Cited by 95
Neuroimaging Studies in Eating Disorders
Frank, G. K., Bailer, U. F., Henry, S., Wagner, A., & Kaye, W. H. (2004) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900009639 · Cited by 94
Althammer, F., Ferreira‐Neto, H. C., Rubaharan, M., Roy, R. K., Patel, A. A., Murphy, A. Z., Cox, D. N., & Stern, J. E. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01892-4 · Cited by 94
Åhs, F., Pissiota, A., Michelgård, Å., Frans, Ö., Furmark, T., Appel, L., & Fredrikson, M. G. (2009) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.11.004 · Cited by 94
Mitra, R., Ferguson, D., & Sapolsky, R. M. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.016 · Cited by 94
Aspects of neuroticism and the amygdala: Chronic tuning from motivational styles
Cunningham, W. A., Arbuckle, N. L., Jahn, A., Mowrer, S. M., & Abduljalil, A. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.026 · Cited by 94
Regev, L., Tsoory, M., Gil, S., & Chen, A. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.036 · Cited by 93
Behavioral characterization of dysbindin-1 deficient sandy mice
Bhardwaj, S. K., Baharnoori, M., Sharif-Askari, B., Kamath, A., Williams, S., & Srivastava, L. K. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.011 · Cited by 93
Prenatal stress affects the developmental trajectory of the rat amygdala
Kraszpulski, M., Dickerson, P. A., & Salm, A. K. (2006) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890600798109 · Cited by 93
Lindner, K., Neubert, J., Pfannmöller, J. P., Lotze, M., Hamm, A. O., & Wendt, J. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.025 · Cited by 92
Affect of the unconscious: Visually suppressed angry faces modulate our decisions
Almeida, J., Pajtas, P. E., Mahon, B. Z., Nakayama, K., & Caramazza, A. (2012) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-012-0133-7 · Cited by 92
Gu, C., Borjabad, A., Hadas, E., Kelschenbach, J., Kim, B., Chao, W., Arancio, O., Suh, J., Polsky, B., McMillan, J., et al. (2018) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007061 · Cited by 92
Brain functional changes in patients with ulcerative colitis
Agostini, A., Filippini, N., Cevolani, D., Agati, R., Leoni, C., Tambasco, R., Calabrese, C., Rizzello, F., Gionchetti, P., Ercolani, M., et al. (2010) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.21549 · Cited by 92
Schizophrenia and the Efficacy of qEEG-Guided Neurofeedback Treatment
Sürmeli, T., Ertem, A., Eralp, E., & Kos, I. H. (2012) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059411429531 · Cited by 92
Limbic Structures and Networks in Children and Adolescents With Schizophrenia
White, T. J. H., Cullen, K., Rohrer, L. M., Karatekin, C., Luciana, M. M., Schmidt, M., Hongwanishkul, D., Kumra, S., Schulz, S. C., & Lim, K. O. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm110 · Cited by 92
Metadata
- Authors
- LeDoux, J.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- LeDoux, Joseph
- ORCID
- LeDoux, Joseph
- Venue
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4-5
- Pages
- 727-738
- ISSN
- 0272-4340 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6830
- PMC
- PMC11530156
- OpenAlex
- W1513763202
- Cited by
- 1,818
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 96
- FWCI
- 16.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- amygdala, fear conditioning, classical conditioning, emotional brain, defense response, emotional circuits
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Conditioning, Psychological, Emotions, Fear, Humans, Limbic System, Models, Neurological, Neural Pathways, Sensation, Models, Animal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
