Life events and depression in adolescence: Relationship loss as a prospective risk factor for first onset of major depressive disorder.

Abstract

Although stressful life events have consistently been linked to the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD), most research has not distinguished 1st episodes from recurrences. In a large epidemiologic sample of older adolescents (N = 1,470) assessed at 2 time points, the risk conferred by a recent romantic break-up was examined as a predictor of 1st onset versus recurrence of MDD. Results indicated a heightened likelihood of 1st onset of MDD during adolescence if a recent break-up had been reported; in contrast, a recent break-up did not predict recurrence of depression. These results held for both genders and remained significant after controlling for gender. Additional analyses to determine the discriminant validity and specificity of these findings strongly supported the recent break-up as a significant risk factor for a 1st episode of MDD during adolescence. Implications of these findings and subsequent research directions are discussed.

Cites (1)

1. The Stress Process
   Pearlin, Leonard I., Menaghan, Elizabeth G., Lieberman, Morton A., Mullan, Joseph T. · 1981 · Journal of Health and Social Behavior

Cited by (37)

1. From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression.
   Slavich, George M., Irwin, Michael R. · 2014 · Psychological Bulletin
2. The social re-orientation of adolescence: a neuroscience perspective on the process and its relation to psychopathology
   NELSON, ERIC E., LEIBENLUFT, ELLEN, McCLURE, ERIN B., PINE, DANIEL S. · 2005 · Psychological Medicine
3. Adolescent Romantic Relationships
   Collins, W. Andrew, Welsh, Deborah P., Furman, Wyndol · 2009 · Annual Review of Psychology
4. More than Myth: The Developmental Significance of Romantic Relationships During Adolescence
   Collins, W. Andrew · 2003 · Journal of Research on Adolescence
5. Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
   Jacobson, Nicholas C., Newman, Michelle G. · 2017 · Psychological Bulletin
6. Stress, depression, and anhedonia: caveats concerning animal models
   Anisman, Hymie, Matheson, Kim · 2005 · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
7. Personality-relationship transaction in young adulthood.
   Neyer, Franz J., Asendorpf, Jens B. · 2001 · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
8. The social risk hypothesis of depressed mood: evolutionary, psychosocial, and neurobiological perspectives
   Allen, Nicholas B., Badcock, Paul B. T. · 2003 · Psychological Bulletin
9. Natural course of adolescent major depressive disorder in a community sample: Predictors of recurrence in young adults
   Lewinsohn, Peter M., Rohde, Paul, Seeley, John R., Klein, Daniel N., Gotlib, Ian H. · 2000 · American Journal of Psychiatry
10. Depression from childhood into late adolescence: Influence of gender, development, genetic susceptibility, and peer stress.
    Hankin, Benjamin L., Young, Jami F., Abela, John R. Z., Smolen, Andrew, Jenness, Jessica L., Gulley, Lauren D., Technow, Jessica R., Gottlieb, Andrea Barrocas, Cohen, Joseph R., Oppenheimer, Caroline W. · 2015 · Journal of Abnormal Psychology
11. Black sheep get the blues: a psychobiological model of social rejection and depression
    Slavich, George M., O’Donovan, Aoife, Epel, Elissa S., Kemeny, Margaret E. · 2010 · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
12. Research review: altered reward function in adolescent depression: what, when and how?
    Forbes, Erika E., Dahl, Ronald E. · 2012 · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
13. Blunted Ventral Striatum Development in Adolescence Reflects Emotional Neglect and Predicts Depressive Symptoms
    Hanson, Jamie L., Hariri, Ahmad R., Williamson, Douglas E. · 2015 · Biological Psychiatry
14. The role of childhood abuse and neglect in the sensitization to stressful life events in adolescent depression
    Harkness, Kate L., Bruce, Alanna E., Lumley, Margaret N. · 2006 · Journal of Abnormal Psychology
15. Depression in Children and Adolescents
    Garber, Judy · 2006 · American Journal of Preventive Medicine
16. Corumination, interpersonal stress generation, and internalizing symptoms: accumulating effects and transactional influences in a multiwave study of adolescents
    Hankin, Benjamin L., Stone, Lindsey, Ann Wright, Patricia · 2010 · Development and Psychopathology
17. Mechanisms of change in interpersonal therapy (IPT)
    Lipsitz, Joshua D., Markowitz, John C. · 2013 · Clinical Psychology Review
18. It still hurts: altered endogenous opioid activity in the brain during social rejection and acceptance in major depressive disorder
    Hsu, D T, Sanford, B J, Meyers, K K, Love, T M, Hazlett, K E, Walker, S J, Mickey, B J, Koeppe, R A, Langenecker, S A, Zubieta, J-K · 2015 · Molecular Psychiatry
19. Evaluation of cognitive diathesis-stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents.
    Lewinsohn, Peter M., Joiner, Thomas E., Rohde, Paul · 2001 · Journal of Abnormal Psychology
20. Depressive Symptoms and Adolescent Romance: Theory, Research, and Implications
    Davila, Joanne · 2008 · Child Development Perspectives
21. Future directions in the study of social relationships as regulators of the HPA axis across development
    Hostinar, Camelia E., Gunnar, Megan R. · 2013 · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
22. Targeted Rejection Predicts Hastened Onset of Major Depression
    Slavich, George M., Thornton, Tiffany, Torres, Leandro D., Monroe, Scott M., Gotlib, Ian H. · 2009 · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
23. Preventing depression in adolescents with epilepsy
    Martinović, Žarko, Simonović, Periša, Djokić, Rada · 2006 · Epilepsy & Behavior
24. Major depressive disorder in adolescence: the role of subthreshold symptoms
    GEORGIADES, KATHOLIKI, LEWINSOHN, PETER M., MONROE, SCOTT M., SEELEY, JOHN R. · 2006 · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
25. Increased Amygdala Response to Positive Social Feedback in Young People with Major Depressive Disorder
    Davey, Christopher G., Allen, Nicholas B., Harrison, Ben J., Yücel, Murat · 2011 · Biological Psychiatry
26. Severe and nonsevere events in first onsets versus recurrences of depression: Evidence for stress sensitization.
    Stroud, Catherine B., Davila, Joanne, Hammen, Constance, Vrshek-Schallhorn, Suzanne · 2011 · Journal of Abnormal Psychology
27. Where’s the fun in that? Broadening the focus on reward function in depression
    Forbes, Erika E. · 2009 · Biological Psychiatry
28. Predictors of the first onset of a major depressive episode and changes in depressive symptoms across adolescence: Stress and negative cognitions.
    Carter, Jocelyn Smith, Garber, Judy · 2011 · Journal of Abnormal Psychology
29. The Core of Loneliness: Lack of Pleasurable Engagement--More So Than Painful Disconnection--Predicts Social Impairment, Depression Onset, and Recovery From Depressive Disorders Among Adolescents
    Joiner, Thomas E., Lewinsohn, Peter M., Seeley, John R. · 2002 · Journal of Personality Assessment
30. Dynamics of affective experience and behavior in depressed adolescents
    Sheeber, Lisa B., Allen, Nicholas B., Leve, Craig, Davis, Betsy, Shortt, Joann Wu, Katz, Lynn Fainsilber · 2009 · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
31. Lost connections: Oxytocin and the neural, physiological, and behavioral consequences of disrupted relationships
    Pohl, Tobias T., Young, Larry J., Bosch, Oliver J. · 2019 · International Journal of Psychophysiology
32. Young love: Romantic concerns and associated mental health issues among adolescent help-seekers
    Price, Megan, Hides, Leanne, Cockshaw, Wendell, Staneva, Aleksandra, Stoyanov, Stoyan · 2016 · Behavioral Sciences
33. Effects of chronic interpersonal stress exposure on depressive symptoms are moderated by genetic variation at IL6 and IL1β in youth
    Tartter, Margaret, Hammen, Constance, Bower, Julienne E., Brennan, Patricia A., Cole, Steven · 2015 · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
34. Treated depression in adolescents: predictors of outcome at 28 weeks
    Wilkinson, Paul, Dubicka, Bernadka, Kelvin, Raphael, Roberts, Chris, Goodyer, Ian · 2009 · British Journal of Psychiatry
35. Adolescent Romance and Depressive Symptoms: The Moderating Effects of Positive Coping and Perceived Friendship Competence
    Szwedo, David E., Chango, Joanna M., Allen, Joseph P. · 2015 · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
36. Meeting ex-partners on Facebook: users' anxiety and severity of depression
    Tsai, Chia-Wen, Shen, Pei-Di, Chiang, Yi-Chun · 2015 · Behaviour & Information Technology
37. Long-lasting marked inhibition of periaqueductal gray-evoked defensive behaviors in inescapably-shocked rats
    Quintino‐dos‐Santos, Jeyce W., Müller, Cláudia J. T., C. Santos, Alexandre M., Tufik, Sérgio, Rosa, Caroline A., Schenberg, Luiz C. · 2014 · European Journal of Neuroscience