Cited by 4,198Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and AssessmentEducational Assessment and Pedagogy

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Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons' responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning.

Messick, Samuel·1995·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.50.9.741

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Abstract

The traditional conception of validity divides it into three separate and substitutable types—namely, content, criterion, and construct validities. This view is fragmented and incomplete, especially because it fails to take into account both evidence of the value implications of score meaning as a basis for action and the social consequences of score use. The new unified concept of validity interrelates these issues as fundamental aspects of a more comprehensive theory of construct validity that addresses both score meaning and social values in test interpretation and test use. That is, unified validity integrates considerations of content, criteria, and consequences into a construct framework for the empirical testing of rational hypotheses about score meaning and theoretically relevant relationships, including those of an applied and a scientific nature. Six distinguishable aspects of construct validity are highlighted as a means of addressing central issues implicit in the notion of validity as a unified concept. These are content, substantive, structural, generalizability, external, and consequential aspects of construct validity. In effect, these six aspects function as general validity criteria or standards for all educational and psychological measurement, including performance assessments, which are discussed in some detail because of their increasing emphasis in educational and employment settings.

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Authors: Messick, S.
Affiliations: Educational Testing Service (US)
Corresponding author: Messick, Samuel
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995-09
Volume: 50
Issue: 9
Pages: 741-749
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.50.9.741
OpenAlex: W2028829385
Cited by: 4,198
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 411 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 164 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 183 · 2020: 190 · 2019: 228 · 2018: 219 · 2017: 218 · 2016: 202 · 2015: 198 · 2014: 192 · 2013: 158 · 2012: 165
FWCI: 45.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Pedagogy
Keywords: construct validity, content validity, criterion validity, consequential validity, performance evaluation (human resources), test interpretation, validity criteria

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Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons' responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning.

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