Cited by 4,529Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and AccessTreatment of Major Depression

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Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes

Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan·1991·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0021-843x.100.4.569

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Abstract

I propose that the ways people respond to their own symptoms of depression influence the duration of these symptoms. People who engage in ruminative responses to depression, focusing on their symptoms and the possible causes and consequences of their symptoms, will show longer depressions than people who take action to distract themselves from their symptoms. Ruminative responses prolong depression because they allow the depressed mood to negatively bias thinking and interfere with instrumental behavior and problem-solving. Laboratory and field studies directly testing this theory have supported its predictions. I discuss how response styles can explain the greater likelihood of depression in women than men. Then I intergrate this response styles theory with studies of coping with discrete events. The response styles theory is compared to other theories of the duration of depression. Finally, I suggest what may help a depressed person to stop engaging in ruminative responses and how response styles for depression may develop.

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“Rumination, which has been conceptualized as a trait-like response style that perpetuates depressive symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008) and heightens vulnerability to future depressive episodes (Nolen-Hoeksema, Morrow, & Fredrickson, 1993), consists of…”
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Authors: Nolen-Hoeksema, S.
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1991-11
Volume: 100
Issue: 4
Pages: 569-582
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.100.4.569
OpenAlex: W4253507931
Cited by: 4,529
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 217 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 232 · 2023: 227 · 2022: 247 · 2021: 245 · 2020: 245 · 2019: 176 · 2018: 187 · 2017: 195 · 2016: 213 · 2015: 206 · 2014: 224 · 2013: 202 · 2012: 202
FWCI: 12.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (2r01mh043760-04)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH43760)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords: depression, depressive episodes, episode duration, coping responses
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Attention, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Individuality, Sick Role, Thinking

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Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes

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