Cited by 741Workaholism, burnout, and well-beingRecreation, Leisure, Wilderness ManagementStress and Burnout Research

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“Did you have a nice evening?” A day-level study on recovery experiences, sleep, and affect

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Sonnentag, Sabine, Binnewies, Carmen, Mojza, Eva J.·2008·Journal of Applied Psychology

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Abstract

In this study, the authors used a within-person design to examine the relation between recovery experiences (psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery experiences) during leisure time, sleep, and affect in the next morning. Daily survey data gathered over the course of 1 work week from 166 public administration employees analyzed with a hierarchical linear modeling approach showed that low psychological detachment from work during the evening predicted negative activation and fatigue, whereas mastery experiences during the evening predicted positive activation and relaxation predicted serenity. Sleep quality showed relations with all affective states variables. This study adds to research on job-stress recovery and affect regulation by showing which specific experiences from the nonwork domain may improve affect before the start of the next working day.

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Method

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Background
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“This approach of assessing sleep quality has been employed successfully in previous experience sampling studies (e.g., Sonnentag et al., 2008; Hülsheger et al., 2014; Kühnel et al., 2016).”
Method
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“As both are associated with well-being and health (Sonnentag et al., 2008), as well as with professional efficiency and work engagement (Kühnel et al., 2009), recovery skills and strategies should form part of teacher education and further education.”
Background
Bidirectional associations of sleep with cognitive interference in employees' work days
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“Person-level predictor variables were centered around the grand mean, and the day-level predictor variable skill utilization was centered around the person mean to rule out interpretations referring to stable between-subjects differences (Sonnentag, Binnewies, & Mojza, 2008).”
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“In line with prior diary studies of recovery (e.g. Sonnentag et al., 2008; Sonnentag, Mojza, Binnewies, & Scholl, 2008), we use affective states as the state and short-term indicators of well-being.”
Method
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“To assess state NA before bedtime, I followed the procedure from Sonnentag, Binnewies, and Mojza (2008) and assessed NA daily at bedtime with six items of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988).”
Method
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“However, most scholars have focused on psychological detachment and/or relaxation and did not include the mastery or control dimensions of recovery in their diary study designs (e.g., Sonnentag et al., 2008; Ten Brummelhuis & Bakker, 2012).”
BackgroundMethod
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“restoration (Smit, 2016; Sonnentag, 2001; Sonnentag et al., 2008), or change to work-life balance (Allen et al.”
Background
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“Specifically, most previous studies on employee recovery have focused on employee recovery during after-work hours (e.g., in the evening) or during vaca-tions (Sonnentag, 2003; Sonnentag et al., 2008, 2012).”
Background
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“Sonnentag, Binnewies, and Mojza (2008) have shown that relaxation in the evening predicted serenity the next morning.”
Background
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“However, by person-mean centering our daily measures, we eliminated the possibility that interindividual differences in response tendencies would bias our findings (Sonnentag et al., 2008).”
Background
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Self-citation
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“However, contrary to diary studies showing psychological detachment from work to be a powerful recovery experience in particular (Binnewies et al. 2010; Sonnentag and Bayer 2005; Sonnentag et al. 2008 ), it was not necessary for successful recovery in a small group of employees with high mastery and control experience…”
BackgroundInfluential
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Self-citation
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“Since we know that nonwork experiences in the evening are related to outcomes during the following working day (Sonnentag, Binnewies, & Mojza, 2008 ), we propose that volunteer work engagement during leisure time contributes to daily fluctuations in responses to job stressors during the following day.”
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“…has been related to exhaustion and high need for recovery (Sonnentag et al., 2010), to next morning’s negative activation and fatigue (Sonnentag, Binnewies & Mojza, 2008a) as well as to positive mood in the evening (Sonnentag & Bayer, 2005) and positive affect at the end of the week…”
Background
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“When individuals have to think about or deal with work-related matters while at home, they may not have time for needed recovery, which may lead to health issues and poor job performance over time (Park, Fritz, and Jex 2011; Sonnentag, Binnewies, and Mojza 2008).”
Background
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“This bottom-up process may make insomnia itself an aversive stimulus that triggers negative affect in the morning (Sonnentag et al., 2008).”
Background
The role of psychological detachment in burnout and depression: A longitudinal study of Malaysian workers
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“As the management sciences are rich with explorations into other forms of coping (e.g., exercise, reading, volunteering; Sonnentag et al., 2008, 2017), future research that compares the short-term and long-term health implications of after-work cannabis use and other recovery activities would…”
Background
The impact of daily emotional demands, job resources and emotional effort on intensive internet use during and after work
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“Similarly, relaxation during evening hours has shown evident benefits on employee wellbeing (Sonnentag et al., 2008).”
Background
The Grass is Greener on the Other Side
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“However, the recovery period (work detachment and relaxation) takes place at the end of this work cycle [39] and sentiment of the person improves through the evening, i.e., 5 pm onwards.”
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“Negative emotions and perseverative cognitions may spill over into the private life of the worker and impair the recovery process (Ilies et al., 2011; Geurts & Sonnentag, 2006; Sonnentag et al., 2008).”
Background
Work–Home Interaction and Psychological Strain: The Moderating Role of Sleep Quality
Sanz‐Vergel, A. I., Demerouti, E., Mayo, M. C., & Jiménez, B. M. (2010) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2010.00433.x · Cited by 30
Mindfulness Beyond the Individual: Spillover and Crossover Effects in Working Couples
Maroto, G. M., Rodríguez‐Muñoz, A., Antino, M., & Rodríguez, F. G. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0868-x · Cited by 32
Intending to Leave But No Place to Go: An Examination of the Behaviors of Reluctant Stayers
Sheridan, S. B., Crossley, C., Vogel, R. M., Mitchell, M. S., & Bennett, R. J. (2019) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2019.1578964 · Cited by 30
Examining recovery experiences among working college students: A person-centered study
Gabriel, A. S., Calderwood, C. C., Bennett, A. A., Wong, E. M., Dahling, J. J., & Trougakos, J. P. (2019) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103329 · Cited by 33
Another sleepless night: Does a leader's poor sleep lead to subordinate's poor sleep? A spillover/crossover perspective
Tariq, H., Weng, Q. D., Garavan, T. N., Obaid, A., & Hassan, W. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12904 · Cited by 30
“Research on job‐stress recovery revealed that individuals who demonstrated the higher level of recovery at home experience higher stress or strain at work (Sonnentag et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Inertia of negative emotions at work: Correlates of inflexible emotion dynamics in the workplace*
Longis, E. D., Alessandri, G., Sonnentag, S., & Kuppens, P. (2021) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12325 · Cited by 30
Self-citation
Along for the ride through liminal space: A role transition and recovery perspective on the work-to-home commute
McAlpine, K. L., & Piszczek, M. M. (2022) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/20413866221131394 · Cited by 36
“Psychological recovery from work has been consistently linked to lower emotional exhaustion (Kinnunen et al., 2011) and negative emotions (Sonnentag et al., 2008); we expect a similar pattern during the commute because psychological liminal space enables one to use the commute in ways similar to…”
Background
Emotion regulation as a determinant of recovery experiences and well-being: A day-level study.
Schraub, E. M., Turgut, S., Clavairoly, V. C. S., & Sonntag, K. (2013) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0034483 · Cited by 32
Improving the Lives of Leaders: The Beneficial Effects of Positive Leader Self-Reflection
Lanaj, K., Foulk, T. A., & Jennings, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063221110205 · Cited by 33
“Relaxation is an important component of well-being (Sonnentag, Binnewies, & Mojza, 2008; Sonnentag & Fritz, 2007; Stone, Kennedy-Moore, & Neale, 1995; Van der Klink, Blonk, Schene, & Van Dijk, 2001), particularly for leaders who have busy work experiences (e.g., Foulk et al., 2018).”
Ride-Hail Drivers, Taxi Drivers and Multiple Jobholders: Who Takes the Most Risks and Why?
Lefcoe, A., Connelly, C. E., & Gellatly, I. R. (2023) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/09500170231185212 · Cited by 29
“Recovery periods are described as ‘experiences during leisure time that provide the opportunity to unwind from work’ (Sonnentag et al., 2008: 674), and typically occur during evenings and weekends.”
How to benefit from weekend physical activities: M oderating roles of psychological recovery experiences and sleep
Cho, S., & Park, Y. (2018) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2831 · Cited by 29
Activity-based flexible offices: effects on work-related outcomes in a longitudinal study
Hodžić, S., Kubicek, B., Uhlig, L., & Korunka, C. (2020) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2020.1850882 · Cited by 29
“Fatigue was measured with four items from Profile of Mood States questionnaire (POMS; McNair, Lorr, and Droppelman 1971) adapted by Sonnentag, Binnewies, and Mojza (2008).”
Method
Daily spillover from home to work: the role of workplace mindfulness and daily customer mistreatment
Shi, X. C., & Wang, X. (2022) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-10-2021-1281 · Cited by 29
The relationships between family-work interaction, job-related exhaustion, detachment, and meaning in life: A day-level study of emotional well-being
Garrosa, E., Carmona‐Cobo, I., Ladstätter, F., Blanco‐Donoso, L. M., & Cooper-Thomas, H. D. (2013) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.5093/tr2013a23 · Cited by 35
“7% of PA variance can be attributed to within-subject variation, similar to previous research (Sonnentag et al., 2008).”
Influential
Recovering by Means of Meditation: The Role of Recovery Experiences and Intrinsic Motivation
van Hooff, M. L. M., & Baas, M. (2012) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00481.x · Cited by 33
Too tired for a good deal: How customer fatigue shapes the performance of Pay-What-You-Want pricing
Wang, C. X., Yuan, H., & Beck, J. T. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.014 · Cited by 30
Disgusted or Happy, It is not so Bad: Emotional Mini-Max in Unethical Judgments
Winterich, K. P., Morales, A. C., & Mittal, V. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2228-2 · Cited by 30
Spurious Results in the Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Organizational Research
Braun, M. T., Kuljanin, G., & DeShon, R. P. (2013) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428112469668 · Cited by 32
Day-to-day variations in health behaviors and daily functioning: two intensive longitudinal studies
Flueckiger, L., Lieb, R., Meyer, A. H., Witthauer, C., & Mata, J. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9787-x · Cited by 28
Divergent effects of detachment from work: a day-level study on employee creativity
Niks, I. M. W., JONGE, J. D., Gevers, J., & Houtman, I. L. D. (2016) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2016.1241767 · Cited by 28
Recovery from Work During Off-Job Time
Geurts, S. A. E. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5640-3_12 · Cited by 29
Lagged effect of daily surface acting on subsequent day’s fatigue
Zhang, Y. E., Zhang, L., Lei, H., Yue, Y., & Zhu, J. (2016) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2016.1272593 · Cited by 27
Shifts and variability in daily interpersonal justice are associated with psychological detachment and affect at home
Wang, Y., Ford, M. T., Wang, Y., & Jin, J. (2019) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2019.05.004 · Cited by 27
Does work-related ICT use after hours (WICT) exhaust both you and your spouse? The spillover-crossover mechanism from WICT to emotional exhaustion
Zhang, N., Shi, Y., Tang, H., Ma, H., Zhang, L., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01584-z · Cited by 29
“A blessing and a curse”: Work loss during coronavirus lockdown on short-term health changes via threat and recovery.
Grandey, A. A., Sayre, G. M., & French, K. A. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000283 · Cited by 36
The role of partners and children for employees' daily recovery
Hahn, V. C., Binnewies, C., & Dormann, C. (2014) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.03.005 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
A two‐wave study on the effects of cognitive demands of flexible work on cognitive flexibility, work engagement and fatigue
Uhlig, L., Korunka, C., Prem, R., & Kubicek, B. (2022) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12392 · Cited by 29
“Fatigue was measured with four items from the Profile of Mood Scales (McNair et al., 1971; German translation by Sonnentag et al., 2008).”
Method
[Adaptation of the "Recovery Experience Questionnaire" in a Spanish sample].
Sanz‐Vergel, A. I., Sebastián, J., Rodríguez‐Muñoz, A., Garrosa, E., Jiménez, B. M., & Sonnentag, S. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 26
Self-citation
Communication Technology Use for Work at Home during Off-job Time and Work–Family Conflict: The Roles of Family Support and Psychological Detachment
Wang, Z., Chen, X., & Duan, Y. (2016) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.33.1.238581 · Cited by 26

Authors: Sonnentag, S., Binnewies, C., & Mojza, E. J.
Affiliations: University of Konstanz (DE)
Corresponding author: Sonnentag, Sabine
ORCID: Sonnentag, Sabine
Binnewies, Carmen
Venue: Journal of Applied Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2008
Volume: 93
Issue: 3
Pages: 674-684
ISSN: 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
1939-1854
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.674
OpenAlex: W2153535564
Cited by: 741
References: 78
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 42
FWCI: 38.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
nbn-resolving.de
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
Locations: Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Workaholism, burnout, and well-being
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
Keywords: psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery experiences, leisure, sleep quality, emotion regulation, fatigue, tranquility, activation, public administration employees, within-person variability
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Convalescence, Female, Humans, Male, Psychology, Relaxation, Sleep

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“Did you have a nice evening?” A day-level study on recovery experiences, sleep, and affect

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