“Did you have a nice evening?” A day-level study on recovery experiences, sleep, and affect

“We started the statistical test of such a mediator effect by first examining whether recovery experiences predicted sleep quality (Baron & Kenny, 1986).”

“Similar to positive activation, it is a state characterized by positive affect (i.e., pleasure; Russell, 1980; Russell & Carroll, 1999) but with a lower level of arousal.”

“Thus, although it is highly important to engage oneself into the work process when being at work (Britt, Castro, & Adler, 2005; Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004), temporarily detaching oneself from work during off-job time seems to have benefits as well.”

“Second, as poor sleep hinders replenishment of resources for self-regulation (Muraven & Baumeister, 2000), persons have fewer resources available for affect regulation after a night of poor sleep.”

“We measured daily hassles in the bedtime survey with nine 5-point Likert items adapted from the measure developed by Bolger et al. (2003; e.g. " Today I had an argument with my spouse " ).”

“In everyday life, some degree of relaxation may also result from other activities that provide uplift experiences (Kanner et al., 1981), such as a light walk in a beautiful natural environment (Hartig et al., 2003) or listening to music (Pelletier, 2004).”

“Relaxation is a process characterized by decreased sympathetic activation and becomes evident in a decrease in heart rate, muscle tension, and other indicators of activation (Benson, 1975).”

“Research focusing on between-persons differences showed that employees who experience mastery during their off-job time generally report better well-being and life satisfaction (Sonnentag & Fritz, 2007).”

“, 1981), such as a light walk in a beautiful natural environment (Hartig et al., 2003) or listening to music (Pelletier, 2004).”

“Research has shown that the negative versus positive affective systems correspond to distinct physiological processes (Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999; Watson et al., 1999) and are influenced by distinct events and experiences (Kanner, Coyne, Schaefer, & Lazarus, 1981; Watson, 1988).”

“There is broad empirical evidence that poor sleep negatively influences affect (Pilcher & Huffcutt, 1996).”

“Recovery occurs during time periods when no demands similar to the preceding job demands are put on the person (Meijman & Mulder, 1998) or when new resources, such as energy or feelings of control, are built up (Hobfoll, 1998).”

“Relaxation is also positively associated with positive affect (Fredrickson, 2000; Stone, Kennedy-Moore, & Neale, 1995).”

“As negative versus positive events and experiences are differentially associated with negative versus positive affect (Gable et al., 2000; Watson, 1988), we propose that a lack of psychological detachment from work (a negative experience ) is related to negative activation and fatigue, and that…”

“Edwards and Rothbard (2000) have argued that affect experienced in one life domain spills over into the other domain, implying that affect at home matters for affect at work.”

“Promising options include interrupted time series analysis (Velicer & Fava, 2003 ) and long-term intervention studies (Van der Klink et al., 2001 ).”

“These recovery experiences are very similar to affect-regulation strategies (Parkinson & Totterdell, 1999; Thayer et al., 1994) and comprise experiences such as psychological detachment from work, relaxation, and the experience of mastery.”

“076 1. experience-sampling studies have provided increasing evidence that affect at home is related to affect subsequently experienced at work (Judge & Ilies, 2004; Williams & Alliger, 1994), little research attention has been paid to factors that may influence morning affect.”

“Studies taking a within-person perspective have demonstrated that engagement in sport and exercise—prototypical mastery activities—is related to improved positive affect (Sonnentag , 2001; Watson, 1988).”

“…*** df 5 3 4 Level 1 intercept variance (SE) 0.328 (0.028) 0.328 (0.028) 0.313 (0.026) 0.286 (0.024) Level 2 intercept variance (SE) 0.309 (0.050) 0.205 (0.039) 0.177 (0.035) 0.195 (0.035) during the evening might impede sleep quality (Akerstedt et al., 2002), which in turn affects morning affect.”

“Mastery experiences are accompanied by feelings of competence and proficiency and may result from activities such as sport, learning a new hobby, or engaging in volunteer work (Fritz & Sonnentag, 2006; Ruderman, Ohlott, Panzer, & King, 2002).”

“Employees’ work and nonwork lives are closely related (Crouter, 1984; Ford, Heinen, & Langkamer, 2007; Heller & Watson, 2005).”

“Earlier research has shown that psychological detachment is related to affect assessed during the same evening (Sonnentag & Bayer, 2005).”

“These recovery experiences are very similar to affect-regulation strategies (Parkinson & Totterdell, 1999; Thayer et al., 1994) and comprise experiences such as psychological detachment from work, relaxation, and the experience of mastery.”

“076 1. experience-sampling studies have provided increasing evidence that affect at home is related to affect subsequently experienced at work (Judge & Ilies, 2004; Williams & Alliger, 1994), little research attention has been paid to factors that may influence morning affect.”

“In everyday life, some degree of relaxation may also result from other activities that provide uplift experiences (Kanner et al., 1981), such as a light walk in a beautiful natural environment (Hartig et al., 2003) or listening to music (Pelletier, 2004).”

“Typically, recovery takes place during rest breaks at work (Trougakos, Beal, Green, & Weiss, in press), free evenings (Rook & Zijlstra, 2006), weekends (Fritz & Sonnentag, 2005), or vacations (Westman & Eden, 1997).”

“Promising options include interrupted time series analysis (Velicer & Fava, 2003 ) and long-term intervention studies (Van der Klink et al., 2001 ).”

“Typically, recovery takes place during rest breaks at work (Trougakos, Beal, Green, & Weiss, in press), free evenings (Rook & Zijlstra, 2006), weekends (Fritz & Sonnentag, 2005), or vacations (Westman & Eden, 1997).”

“…daily hassles experienced in the evening (e.g., arguments with one's spouse or problems with the children), sleep duration, trait affect (i.e., a person's general tendency to experience certain affective states; cf. Fisher, 2002), gender, age, leadership position, and country of data collection.”

“This result is in line with earlier findings that demonstrated a substantial relation between sleep quality and subsequent affect (Scott & Judge, 2006; Totterdell et al., 1994).”

“As work is often associated with the experience of job stressors and is likely to result in negative activation and fatigue (Zohar et al., 2003), psychological detachment implies to gain distance from the events and experiences that caused this increase in negative affect.”

“…relaxation techniques reduce tension (i.e., negative affect) and other symptoms of poor well-being (Van der Klink, Blonk, Schene, & Van Dijk, 2001), day-level research suggests that in the short run particularly positive affective states increase after relaxation experiences (Stone et al., 1995).”

“Generally, it is assumed that the process of working, particularly in the presence of stressors, causes strain reactions, such as fatigue or low positive affect (Fuller et al., 2003; Totterdell, Wood, & Wall, 2006; Zohar, Tzischinski, & Epstein, 2003).”

“This result is in line with earlier findings that demonstrated a substantial relation between sleep quality and subsequent affect (Scott & Judge, 2006; Totterdell et al., 1994).”

“Authors have also described recovery processes as unwinding processes (Frankenhaueser & Johansson, 1986), recuperation (Strauss-Blasche, Ekmekcioglu, & Marktl, 2000), or restoration (Hartig, Evans, Jamner, Davis, & Gärling, 2003).”

“Third, beliefs and appraisals may influence affect (Harris & Daniels, 2005).”

“Although some studies overcame the obvious shortcomings of cross-sectional designs by temporally separating the measurement of psychological detachment and employee outcomes (e.g., ten Brummelhuis & Bakker, 2012; Sonnentag et al., 2008), causal evidence remains tentative.”

“The first study investigated the relationship between recovery experiences during leisure time and affect the next morning in a sample of public administration employees (Sonnentag, Binnewies, et al., 2008).”

“In particular, smartphone use for work at night prevents employees from psychologically detaching themselves from work, which is problematic because detachment has beneficial effects on sleep (Sonnentag, Dorman, & Demerouti, 2010; Sonnentag et al., 2008).”