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Trust in close relationships.
Abstract
A theoretical model describing interpersonal trust in close relationships is presented. Three dimensions of trust are identified, based on the type of attributions drawn about a partner's motives. These dimensions are also characterized by a developmental progression in the relationship. The validity of this theoretical perspective was examined through evidence obtained from a survey of a heterogeneous sample of established couples. An analysis of the Trust Scale in this sample was consistent with the notion that the predictability, dependability, and faith components represent distinct and coherent dimensions. A scale to measure interpersonal motives was also developed. The perception of intrinsic motives in a partner emerged as a dimension, as did instrumental and extrinsic motives. As expected, love and happiness were closely tied to feelings of faith and the attribution of intrinsic motivation to both self and partner. Women appeared to have more integrated, complex views of their relationships than men: All three forms of trust were strongly related and attributions of instrumental motives in their partners seemed to be self-affirming. Finally, there was a tendency for people to view their own motives as less self-centered and more exclusively intrinsic in flavor than their partner's motives.
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“In the case of fulfillment (3a), the trustor realizes a benefit. This can be financial, but her desired outcome might also be entertainment, sociability, time saved, reduced cognitive effort, or seamless collaboration (Corritore et al., 2003; McKnight et al., 2000; Rempel, Holmes, & Zanna, 1985).”
From The mechanics of trust: A framework for research and design (2005) · cites this paper as Rempel, Holmes, & Zanna, 1985
In the citing paper
“(1) trust, once broken, is difficult to rebuild [45]”
From Effects of Mock Facebook Workday Comments on Public Perception of Professional Credibility: A Field Study in Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [45]
Citations
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“An interesting issue has to do with the extent to which trust in our situation is similar to trust as it has been discussed in the recent literature on close relationships—for example, Holmes and Rempel (1989) and Wieselquist, Rusbult, Foster, and Agnew (1999).”
Chen, S., & Andersen, S. M. (1999) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60273-7 · Cited by 99
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“The second category of studies on trust (emerged in the early 1980s) conceptualizes and measures trust in specific partners and relationships (interpersonal trust; Holmes & Rempel, 1989; Rempel, Holmes, & Zanna, 1985).”
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“Research on trust within organizations has focused mainly on three areas: interpersonal trust (e.g., Cook andWall, 1980; Rempel et al., 1985), managerial trust (e.”
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“However, we suspect that communal norms are not likely to operate until people find a sense of felt security in their partner’s positive regard and acceptance ( Holmes & Rempel, 1989 ).”
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Wood, J. V., Tesser, A., & Holmes, J. G. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203783061 · Cited by 100
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Toward a more complete understanding of the reciprocity of liking effect
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“Specifically, the transparency in motives (Lopez & Rice, 2006) associated with perceived partner authenticity may lead individuals to view their partners as more trustworthy because they feel that their partner is less likely to deceive or take advantage of them (Rempel et al., 1985).”
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“The trust literature generally refers to these three forms of trust, respectively, as interpersonal trust (e.g., Rempel et al., 1985), role-based trust (Kramer, 1999), and system trust (Luhmann, 1979).”
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“partners and viewed their partners as dependable and predictable [31].”
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“Widespread conviction states that trust develops over time especially through experience of the trustor (e.g., the consumer) with the trustee (e.g., the vendor) (e.g., Deutsch 1973; Ganesan 1994; Rempel et al. 1985).”
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“Rempel, Holmes, and Zanna (1985) propose that human–human trust involves predictability, dependability, and faith in the future of the relationship.”
BackgroundRusman, E., van Bruggen, J., Sloep, P., & Koper, R. (2010) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.07.003 · Cited by 102
“The interpersonal trust state as a mix of cognition and emotion is gradual (has levels) and dynamic, not stable (Rempel et al., 1985), fluctuates over time, and is based on experiences of the trustor with the trustee.”
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Nielsen, B. B. (2004) · M n gement · doi:10.3917/mana.073.0239 · Cited by 95
“Similar to the rational prediction perspective described above, cognitive-based trust is based on predictability, past behavior, dependability, and fairness (Rempel, Holmes, and Zanna, 1985).”
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“Hence, it often reflects the functional competency and predictability of the trustee (Rempel et al. 1985).”
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On the Potential for Advertising to Facilitate Trust in the Advertised Brand
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Abosag, I., & Lee, J.-W. (2012) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2012.09.002 · Cited by 100
“Affective-based trust is the confidence a party places in another party based on the feelings and emotions generated by the caring, empathy, politeness, similarity, and concern for the other party demonstrated in their interaction (Rempel et al., 1985).”
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Ellis, B. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00017 · Cited by 93
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“Finally, Rempel et al. (1985) emphasized that trust is nurtured when partners respond in a caring, or supportive manner.”
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“…views trust as integral to healthy relationships and defines trust as the expectation that a relationship partner will treat one fairly and honorably, has the interest of the relationship at heart, and is willing and able to live up to promises and obligations (Holmes, 1991; Holmes & Rempel, 1989).”
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“In this sense, trust is an important psychological state that develops from interpersonal communication, which is quite helpful in decreasing uncertainty and risk perception during this process [5,34,35].”
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“Integrity related trust, or interpersonal trust, can be described as the level of expectation that another is predictable, dependable, and can be relied upon in the future in the context of a social relationship [25].”
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“Trust develops when each partner feels confident that the other will take their best interests into account (Holmes & Rempel, 1989) – in other words, that the partner's motives and behavior toward oneself are benevolent and caring.”
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The Price of Distrust: Trust, Anxious Attachment, Jealousy, and Partner Abuse
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Inconsistent Self-Views in the Control Identity Model
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The impact of language style accommodation during social media interactions on brand trust
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“…in others in the workplace is considered a representation of attitude, as suggested in previous studies (Johnson and Grayson, 2005; Jones, 1996; Rempel et al., 1985; Whitener et al., 1998), that mediates the effects of psychological empowerment, relationship conflicts and task conflicts on…”
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Trust relations in health care: developing a theoretical framework for the “new” NHS
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“Affective foundations for trust relate to the emotional ties that link individuals and the emotional investment in relationships, expressed in terms of genuine care and concern for the welfare of others and a belief that these sentiments are reciprocated ( Rempel et al. , 1975”
BackgroundDifferences between Gay and Lesbian Cohabiting Couples
Kurdek, L. A. (2003) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075030204001 · Cited by 88
Preemptive strikes: Fear, hope, and defensive aggression.
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Relational Consequences of Compulsive Internet Use: A Longitudinal Study Among Newlyweds
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Trust in product review blogs: the influence of self-disclosure and popularity
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“The essence of affective trust is reliance on a partner, based on emotions and perceptions that a partner’s actions are intrinsically motivated (Rempel, Holmes, and Zanna 1985).”
BackgroundDifferences in Parent and Teacher Trust Levels
Adams, K. S., & Christenson, S. L. (1998) · Journal of Applied School Psychology · doi:10.1300/j008v14n01_01 · Cited by 86
The role of trust in franchise organizations
Dickey, M. H., McKnight, D. H., & George, J. F. (2007) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/19348830710880938 · Cited by 93
“Trust that develops between business partners is responsive to one's needs ( Holmes and Rempel, 1989”
BackgroundManaging sales teams in a virtual environment
Rapp, A. A., Ahearne, M., Mathieu, J. E., & Rapp, T. L. (2010) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2010.02.003 · Cited by 90
Does projection into use improve trust and exploration? An example with a cruise control system
Cahour, B., & Forzy, J.-F. (2009) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2009.03.015 · Cited by 85
“Trust (and distrust, which is its inseparable opposite) has been studied in relation to control of dynamic systems (Amalberti, 1996; Muir, 1994; Rajaonah et al., 2003), often within interpersonal frameworks (Rempel et al., 1985; Josang et al., 2005).”
BackgroundHuo, T., Yuan, F., Huo, M., Shao, Y., Li, S., & Li, Z. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.02.011 · Cited by 98
Miao, Q., Newman, A., & Huang, X. (2014) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2014.934890 · Cited by 114
The importance of personal and professional leadership
Mastrangelo, A., Eddy, E. R., & Lorenzet, S. J. (2004) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730410544755 · Cited by 84
“It is a natural and essential component of relationships (Gabarro, 1978; Rempel et al., 1985).”
BackgroundHoltz, B. C. (2013) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206312471392 · Cited by 92
Cole, T., & Teboul, J. B. (2004) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00075.x · Cited by 99
Self-verification 360°: Illuminating the Light and Dark Sides
North, R. J., & Swann, W. B. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860802501516 · Cited by 84
“Rempel et al. (1985) included predictability of a relationship partner’s behavior as one of the three components of their model of trust, along with dependability and faith.”
BackgroundMcCabe, M. P., Mellor, D. J., Davison, T. E., Karantzas, G. C., von Treuer, K. M., & O’Connor, D. (2013) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-13-95 · Cited by 83
User Trust in Intelligent Systems
Holliday, D. D., Wilson, S., & Stumpf, S. (2016) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/2856767.2856811 · Cited by 85
“Trust beliefs may grow or change over time with repeated interactions [13].”
Bussy, N. D., Ewing, M. T., & PITT, L. F. (2003) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/1352726032000129890 · Cited by 92
“Ruppel and Harrington (2000) drew on a number of extant instruments including Victor and Cullen’s (1988) ethical work climate instrument, Rempel et al.’s (1985) trust scale and Yeung et al.”
BackgroundDeveloping and managing effective consumer relationships
Priluck, R. L. (1998) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/10610429810209719 · Cited by 83
Metadata
- Authors
- Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1985-07
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-112
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2034235631
- Cited by
- 3,146
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 137 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 124 · 2012: 133
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Keywords
- interpersonal trust, close relationships, couples, intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, extrinsic motivation, self-affirmation, faith, predictability, dependability, gender differences, relationship building, trust scale
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