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Trust in close relationships.
Abstract
A theoretical model describing interpersonal trust in close relationships is presented. Three dimensions of trust are identified, based on the type of attributions drawn about a partner's motives. These dimensions are also characterized by a developmental progression in the relationship. The validity of this theoretical perspective was examined through evidence obtained from a survey of a heterogeneous sample of established couples. An analysis of the Trust Scale in this sample was consistent with the notion that the predictability, dependability, and faith components represent distinct and coherent dimensions. A scale to measure interpersonal motives was also developed. The perception of intrinsic motives in a partner emerged as a dimension, as did instrumental and extrinsic motives. As expected, love and happiness were closely tied to feelings of faith and the attribution of intrinsic motivation to both self and partner. Women appeared to have more integrated, complex views of their relationships than men: All three forms of trust were strongly related and attributions of instrumental motives in their partners seemed to be self-affirming. Finally, there was a tendency for people to view their own motives as less self-centered and more exclusively intrinsic in flavor than their partner's motives.
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“In the case of fulfillment (3a), the trustor realizes a benefit. This can be financial, but her desired outcome might also be entertainment, sociability, time saved, reduced cognitive effort, or seamless collaboration (Corritore et al., 2003; McKnight et al., 2000; Rempel, Holmes, & Zanna, 1985).”
From The mechanics of trust: A framework for research and design (2005) · cites this paper as Rempel, Holmes, & Zanna, 1985
In the citing paper
“(1) trust, once broken, is difficult to rebuild [45]”
From Effects of Mock Facebook Workday Comments on Public Perception of Professional Credibility: A Field Study in Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [45]
Citations
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“Network trust refers to the cluster of acquaintances that constitutes a person’s social network, whereas partner trust corresponds to trust in specific persons (Rempel et al., 1985).”
BackgroundInfluentialBetween Trust and Control: Developing Confidence in Partner Cooperation in Alliances
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“Rempel, Holmes, and Zanna (1985) explain that interpersonal trust is initially based on the mere predictability of a trustee’s actions because people tend to enter relationships with strangers cautiously.”
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What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: an interdisciplinary conceptual typology
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Ryan, R. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x · Cited by 2,245
The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for cooperation and teamwork
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Harrison McKnight, D., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/s0963-8687(02)00020-3 · Cited by 2,164
“…beliefs comes from a long history of research that considered the essence of trust to be perceptions about the ethical character (Ring and Van de Ven, 1994), ability (Gabarro, 1978), or predictability (Rempel et al., 1985) of the other party, or combinations of such attributes (Giffin, 1967).”
BackgroundIn Whom we Trust: Group Membership as an Affective Context for Trust Development
Williams, M. (2001) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2001.4845794 · Cited by 720
“Theorists who conceptualize trust development as a discrete process involving stages and/or qualitatively different types of trust tend to propose that affect influences higher stages or "deeper" levels of trust (e.g., Johnson-George & Swap, 1982; Lewicki & Bunker, 1996; McAllister, 1995; Rempel et al., 1985; Sheppard…”
Attachment as an Organizational Framework for Research on Close Relationships
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Trust, Control, and Risk in Strategic Alliances: An Integrated Framework
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“This reasoning is rooted in general discussions of the causes of trust, which include open communication, reliability, and positive feelings toward the other party (Barber, 1983; Lewis & Weigert, 1985; Rempel, Holmes, & Zanna, 1985; Rotter, 1967; Shapiro, 1987).”
BackgroundFactors affecting trust in market research relationships
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Aaker, J. L., Fournier, S. M., & Brasel, S. A. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/383419 · Cited by 1,553
Trust in Physicians and Medical Institutions: What Is It, Can It Be Measured, and Does It Matter?
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Wongkitrungrueng, A., & Assarut, N. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.08.032 · Cited by 1,477
Cognitive and affective trust in service relationships
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“It is what Rempel et al. (1985) call ''predictability'' and Johnson- George and Swap (1982) call ''reliableness.''”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFormalising Trust as a Computational Concept
Marsh, S. (1994) · Cited by 1,472
Trust, control strategies and allocation of function in human-machine systems
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The price is unfair! A conceptual framework of price fairness perceptions
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“In this case, level of trust may be high on all dimensions, and “faith” is an important element in such a relationship (Rempel, Holmes, and Zanna 1985).”
BackgroundA new look at social support: A theoretical perspective on thriving through relationships
Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314544222 · Cited by 1,521
Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships
Simpson, J. A. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.971 · Cited by 1,501
“Accordingly, trust was assessed by two sets of measures: the Trust Scale (which consists of three subscales: predictability, dependability, and faith; Rempel et al., 1985) and the Insecurity Scale (Fei & Berscheid, 1977).”
MethodThe Effects of Supplier Fairness on Vulnerable Resellers
Kumar, N., Scheer, L. K., & Steenkamp, J. E. M. (1995) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3152110 · Cited by 1,419
The Effects of Personalization and Familiarity on Trust and Adoption of Recommendation Agents1
Komiak, S. Y. X., & Benbasat, I. (2006) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148760 · Cited by 1,374
Individual Trust in Online Firms: Scale Development and Initial Test
(2002) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2002.11045715 · Cited by 1,347
“Domain ability is not adequate for building trust, trustees must also be relied on to fulfill obligations to trustors [38].”
BackgroundInfluentialBrand trust in the context of consumer loyalty
Delgado‐Ballester, E., & Alemán, J. L. M. (2001) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/eum0000000006475 · Cited by 1,486
Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., Impett, E. A., & Asher, E. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.228 · Cited by 1,387
The role of trust in automation reliance
Dzindolet, M. T., Peterson, S. A., Pomranky, R. A., Pierce, L. G., & Beck, H. P. (2003) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/s1071-5819(03)00038-7 · Cited by 1,276
The effects of trust and interdependence on relationship commitment: A trans-Atlantic study
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Interdependence, Interaction, and Relationships
Rusbult, C. E., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2003) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145059 · Cited by 1,235
A Multicomponent Conceptualization of Authenticity: Theory and Research
Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38006-9 · Cited by 1,244
“Likewise, participants completed the measure of relationship motivation reported by Rempel et al. (1985) that taps into the extent to which individuals’ relationships are intrinsically satisfying to them.”
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“These models were originally proposed in a framework laid out by Shapiro et al. (1992) and elaborated by Lewicki and Bunker (1995, 1996).”
MethodOn-line trust: concepts, evolving themes, a model
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“Since our understanding of on-line trust builds on offline definitions of trust, we provide an approach to on-line trust akin to that in the offline literature (Rempel et al., 1985; Lewicki and Bunker, 1995, 1996).”
ResultTrust in a specific technology: An investigation of its components and measures
Mcknight, D. H., Carter, M., Thatcher, J. B., & Clay, P. F. (2011) · ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems · doi:10.1145/1985347.1985353 · Cited by 1,185
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“In the face of existing commitments, such competing hopes and doubts likely intensify intimates' need to reach confident, unequivocal conclusions about their partners (Brehm, 1988; Brickman, 1987; Fletcher, Fincham, Cramer, & Heron, 1987; Holmes & Rempel, 1989 ).”
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“Before conducting these tests, we identified some commonly used scales, all of which were developed to measure different facets of relationship quality: satisfaction (Hendrick, 1988), commitment (Lund, 1985), intimacy (Sternberg, 1986, 1988), trust (Boon & Holmes, 1990; Rempel et al., 1985), passion (Sternberg, 1986,…”
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Uncertainty management by means of fairness judgments
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The experimental generation of interpersonal closeness: A procedure and some preliminary findings
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“…their romantic partners and that recalling negative events in a romantic relationship may even result in a more positive evaluation of the partner, presumably because the need to enhance the other emerges in the face of threatening facts (e.g., Holmes & Rempel, 1989; Murray & Holmes, 1993, 1994).”
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Saxton, T. (1997) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256890 · Cited by 906
Does brand trust matter to brand equity?
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Development and Validation of a Brand Trust Scale
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“another person is trustworthy, there must exist the possibility to show that she or he is trustworthy (Rempel et al. 1985).”
BackgroundInfluentialTrust in leadership: A multi-level review and integration
Burke, C. S., Sims, D. E., Lazzara, E. H., & Salas, E. (2007) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.09.006 · Cited by 980
Initial trust and online buyer behaviour
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““feelings of confidence and security in the caring response of the other party” ( Rempel et al. , 1985, p. 96”
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Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition: Two prototypes for depression
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Dealing with betrayal in close relationships: Does commitment promote forgiveness?
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“A possible reason for this might be that source trustworthiness is a character-based trait with subdimensions such as benevolence, honesty (Altman & Taylor, 1973), predictability (Tyler, 2001), and dependability (Rempel et al., 1985).”
Optimizing assurance: The risk regulation system in relationships.
Murray, S., Holmes, J. G., & Collins, N. L. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.641 · Cited by 811
“As relationships develop, people rely on such augmentation and discounting attribution principles to draw inferences about their partner’s caring (Holmes & Rempel, 1989; Kelley, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe effects of interpersonal trust on work group performance.
Dirks, K. T. (1999) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.445 · Cited by 810
(2002) · Cited by 770
Trust between humans and machines, and the design of decision aids
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Straining for Shared Meaning in Organization Science: Problems of Trust and Distrust
Bigley, G. A., & Pearce, J. L. (1998) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1998.926618 · Cited by 773
The Grammars of Trust: A Model and General Implications
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Commitment, pro-relationship behavior, and trust in close relationships.
Wieselquist, J., Rusbult, C. E., Foster, C. A., & Agnew, C. R. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.5.942 · Cited by 751
Trust and Distrust Definitions: One Bite at a Time
Harrison McKnight, D., & Chervany, N. L. (2001) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/3-540-45547-7_3 · Cited by 747
“The possibility of negative consequences [26, 104] or risk [29, 73, 86] or uncertainty [66, 72] makes trust important but problematic.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTrust, self-confidence, and operators' adaptation to automation
Lee, J. D., & Moray, N. (1994) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1994.1007 · Cited by 932
Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.363 · Cited by 736
Credibility and trust in risk communication
Renn, O., & Levine, D. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1952-5_10 · Cited by 731
Willingness to sacrifice in close relationships.
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“Acts of sacrifice are likely to enhance one's partner's trust and conviction that the individual can be relied on to behave in a prorelationship manner (cf. Holmes, 1989; Holmes & Rempel, 1989 ).”
BackgroundPerceptions of Conflict and Support in Romantic Relationships: The Role of Attachment Anxiety
Campbell, L., Simpson, J. A., Boldry, J., & Kashy, D. A. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.510 · Cited by 725
Trust and Commitment through Self-Verification
Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (1999) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2695833 · Cited by 718
Measuring the quality of relationships in consumer services: an empirical study
Roberts, K., Varki, S., & Brodie, R. J. (2003) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560310454037 · Cited by 735
How Can Cooperation Be Fostered? The Cultural Effects of Individualism-Collectivism
Chen, C. C., Chen, X.-P., & Meindl, J. R. (1998) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1998.533227 · Cited by 724
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Consumers' Trust in a Brand and the Link to Brand Loyalty
Lau, G. T., & Lee, S. H. (1999) · Journal of Market-Focused Management · doi:10.1023/a:1009886520142 · Cited by 711
“Remple et al. (1985) found that the perceived motives of an exchange partner affect trust in that partner.”
BackgroundSocial Capital in Multinational Corporations and a Micro-Macro Model of Its Formation
Kostova, T., & Roth, K. (2003) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2003.9416356 · Cited by 676
“Furthermore, these relationships and attitudes toward particular individuals will accrue to form a general perception about headquarters (Rempel et al., 1985).”
BackgroundTrust and commitment influences on customer retention: insights from business-to-business services
Gounaris, S. P. (2003) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(03)00122-x · Cited by 675
“A major prerequisite for trust is the ability to interpret the other’s true intentions (Rampel et al., 1985).”
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“Over time, trust in automation evolves alongside the three dimensions of predictability, dependability, and faith (Rempel et al., 1985).”
BackgroundTrust, conflict, and cooperation: A meta-analysis.
Balliet, D. P., & Lange, P. A. M. V. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0030939 · Cited by 672
Measuring Patients’ Trust in their Primary Care Providers
Hall, M. A., Zheng, B., Dugan, E., Camacho, F., Kidd, K. E., Mishra, A., & Balkrishnan, R. (2002) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558702059003004 · Cited by 661
Campbell, L., & Kashy, D. A. (2002) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00023 · Cited by 629
The Role of Customer Engagement in Building Consumer Loyalty to Tourism Brands
So, K. K. F., King, C., Sparks, B., & Wang, Y. (2014) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287514541008 · Cited by 758
“…indirect contact with the firm (e.g., advertising or publicity), the most critical factor is evaluation of the consumption experience (Delgado-Ballester, Munuera-Alemán, and Yague-Guillen 2003; Delgado-Ballester and Munuera-Alemán 2001; Rempel, Holmes, and Zanna 1985; Ravald and Gronroos 1996).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the influence of national culture on the development of trust
Doney, P. M., Cannon, J. P., & Mullen, M. R. (1998) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259297 · Cited by 1,844
“This suggests that trust based on prediction is fragile: the belief that a partner's behavior is predictable {not volatile) may easily crumble when stressed {Rempel et al., 1985), A single behavioral anomaly may be all it takes to destroy trust based on predictability.”
BackgroundAlmost human: Anthropomorphism increases trust resilience in cognitive agents.
de Visser, E. J., Monfort, S. S., McKendrick, R., Smith, M. A. B., McKnight, P. E., Krueger, F., & Parasuraman, R. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000092 · Cited by 614
A Multidisciplinary Analysis of the Nature, Meaning, and Measurement of Trust
Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, W. K. (2000) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543070004547 · Cited by 995
Dynamic nature of trust in virtual teams
Kanawattanachai, P., & Yoo, Y. (2002) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/s0963-8687(02)00019-7 · Cited by 594
“Past studies have shown that trust in a traditional working relationship develops and changes over time (Rempel et al., 1985; Rotter, 1980; Zand, 1972) based on on-going interaction, and the experience of working together.”
BackgroundAdams, K. S., & Christenson, S. L. (2000) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-4405(00)00048-0 · Cited by 589
“Rempel, Holmes, and Zanna (1985) hypothesized that trust consisted of three progressing levels arranged in a hierarchical order—predictability, dependability, and faith—and that interactions within relationships tended to be characterized by a single level.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1985-07
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-112
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2034235631
- Cited by
- 3,146
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 137 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 124 · 2012: 133
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Keywords
- interpersonal trust, close relationships, couples, intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, extrinsic motivation, self-affirmation, faith, predictability, dependability, gender differences, relationship building, trust scale
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