Cited by 3,146Attachment and Relationship DynamicsPersonality Traits and PsychologyForgiveness and Related Behaviors

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Trust in close relationships.

Rempel, John K., Holmes, John G., Zanna, Mark P.·1985·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

A theoretical model describing interpersonal trust in close relationships is presented. Three dimensions of trust are identified, based on the type of attributions drawn about a partner's motives. These dimensions are also characterized by a developmental progression in the relationship. The validity of this theoretical perspective was examined through evidence obtained from a survey of a heterogeneous sample of established couples. An analysis of the Trust Scale in this sample was consistent with the notion that the predictability, dependability, and faith components represent distinct and coherent dimensions. A scale to measure interpersonal motives was also developed. The perception of intrinsic motives in a partner emerged as a dimension, as did instrumental and extrinsic motives. As expected, love and happiness were closely tied to feelings of faith and the attribution of intrinsic motivation to both self and partner. Women appeared to have more integrated, complex views of their relationships than men: All three forms of trust were strongly related and attributions of instrumental motives in their partners seemed to be self-affirming. Finally, there was a tendency for people to view their own motives as less self-centered and more exclusively intrinsic in flavor than their partner's motives.

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Background
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“The construct of motivation, relating to the direction and energy of behavior, should represent an important antecedent of the choice of a particular partner, of the quality of day-to-day relational behaviors, and of the development or the rupture of the relationship (g Pittman & Heller, 1987; Rempel, Holmes, & Zanna,…”
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Chang, L. J., Doll, B. B., Wout‐Frank, M. V. ‘., Frank, M. J., & Sanfey, A. G. (2010) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.03.001 · Cited by 326
Revisiting the mediating role of trust in transformational leadership effects: Do different types of trust make a difference?
Zhu, W., Newman, A., Miao, Q., & Hooke, A. W. (2012) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.08.004 · Cited by 351
Examining the effects of trust in leaders: A bases-and-foci approach
Yang, J., & Mossholder, K. W. (2009) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.10.004 · Cited by 332
Ideals, perceptions, and evaluations in early relationship development.
Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J. A., & Thomas, G. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.933 · Cited by 303
Relationship marketing in the not-for-profit sector: an extension and application of the commitment–trust theory
MacMillan, K., Money, K. G., Money, A., & Downing, S. (2004) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.08.008 · Cited by 301
Projection of responsiveness to needs and the construction of satisfying communal relationships.
Lemay, E. P., Clark, M. S., & Feeney, B. C. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.834 · Cited by 299
The self-serving bias in relational context.
Sedikides, C., Campbell, W. K., Reeder, G. D., & Elliot, A. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.378 · Cited by 297
“Perhaps that is why close others are trusted (Holmes & Rempel, 1989).”
Background
Giving up and giving in: The costs and benefits of daily sacrifice in intimate relationships.
Impett, E. A., Gable, S. L., & Peplau, L. A. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.327 · Cited by 296
“…interdependence theorists have proposed that solutions to correspondence dilemmas are diagnostic of an individual's goals, values, and motives (Holmes & Rempel, 1989; Kelley, 1979; Kelley & Thibaut, 1978), very little research has examined people's motives for sacrifice, and none has…”
Background
Dispositional trust and distrust distinctions in predicting high- and low-risk internet expert advice site perceptions
McKnight, Kacmar, & Choudhury (2004) · e-Service Journal · doi:10.2979/esj.2004.3.2.35 · Cited by 230
“Trust takes place in an environment of risk (Luhmann, 1979; Rempel et al., 1985).”
Background
The Role of Trust in Human-Robot Interaction
Lewis, M., Sycara, K. P., & Walker, P. M. (2018) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64816-3_8 · Cited by 307
“Whereas [35] argue that interpersonal trust progresses from predictability to dependability to faith, [17] suggest that for trust in automation, faith is a better predictor of trust early rather than late in the relationship.”
Background
Interpersonal Trust and Attitudes toward Human Nature
Wrightsman, L. S. (1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-590241-0.50012-5 · Cited by 294
Violent versus nonviolent husbands: Differences in attachment patterns, dependency, and jealousy.
Holtzworth‐Munroe, A., Stuart, G. L., & Hutchinson, G. (1997) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.11.3.314 · Cited by 306
Once hurt, twice hurtful: How perceived regard regulates daily marital interactions.
Murray, S., Bellavia, G. M., Rose, P., & Griffin, D. W. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.126 · Cited by 286
The impact of child sexual abuse on adult interpersonal functioning
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“Intimacy implies increased closeness and increased dependency, and with increased dependency comes increased risk (Holmes & Rempel, 1989).”
Background
Motivations for Caregiving in Adult Intimate Relationships: Influences on Caregiving Behavior and Relationship Functioning
Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203252807 · Cited by 285
Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumer Trust
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Connecting the dots between brand experience and brand loyalty: The mediating role of brand personality and brand relationships
Ramaseshan, B., & Stein, A. (2014) · Journal of Brand Management · doi:10.1057/bm.2014.23 · Cited by 291
“This is in line with personality and social psychology theories, which states that trust evolves from past experience and prior interaction (Rempel et al. 1985).”
Result
Attachment Security in Couple Relationships: A Systemic Model and Its Implications for Family Dynamics
Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (2002) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.41309.x · Cited by 271
“According to Rempel, Holmes, and Zanna (1985) , trust involves (a) the appraisal of a partner as reliable and predictable, (b) the belief that a partner is concerned with one’s needs and can be counted on in times of need, and (c) feelings of confidence in the strength of the relationship.”
Background

Authors: Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. P.
Affiliations: University of Waterloo (CA)
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1985-07
Volume: 49
Issue: 1
Pages: 95-112
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.95
OpenAlex: W2034235631
Cited by: 3,146
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 77 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 137 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 124 · 2012: 133
FWCI: 7.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Keywords: interpersonal trust, close relationships, couples, intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, extrinsic motivation, self-affirmation, faith, predictability, dependability, gender differences, relationship building, trust scale

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Trust in close relationships.

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