Cited by 3,146Attachment and Relationship DynamicsPersonality Traits and PsychologyForgiveness and Related Behaviors

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Trust in close relationships.

Rempel, John K., Holmes, John G., Zanna, Mark P.·1985·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

A theoretical model describing interpersonal trust in close relationships is presented. Three dimensions of trust are identified, based on the type of attributions drawn about a partner's motives. These dimensions are also characterized by a developmental progression in the relationship. The validity of this theoretical perspective was examined through evidence obtained from a survey of a heterogeneous sample of established couples. An analysis of the Trust Scale in this sample was consistent with the notion that the predictability, dependability, and faith components represent distinct and coherent dimensions. A scale to measure interpersonal motives was also developed. The perception of intrinsic motives in a partner emerged as a dimension, as did instrumental and extrinsic motives. As expected, love and happiness were closely tied to feelings of faith and the attribution of intrinsic motivation to both self and partner. Women appeared to have more integrated, complex views of their relationships than men: All three forms of trust were strongly related and attributions of instrumental motives in their partners seemed to be self-affirming. Finally, there was a tendency for people to view their own motives as less self-centered and more exclusively intrinsic in flavor than their partner's motives.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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“Dependability (Rempel et al., 1985).”
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Background
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Background
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Self-citation
Untitled work
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Background
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“Trust was assessed using Rempel, Holmes, and Zanna's ( 1985 ) 17-item Trust scale (eg, “When I am with my partner, I feel secure in facing unknown new situations”).”
Method
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Park, S. S., Tung, C. D., & Lee, H.-J. (2021) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21468 · Cited by 209
Alarm mistrust in automobiles: how collision alarm reliability affects driving
Bliss, J. P., & Acton, S. A. (2003) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2003.07.003 · Cited by 200
Calibrating the sociometer: The relational contingencies of self-esteem.
Murray, S., Griffin, D. W., Rose, P., & Bellavia, G. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.63 · Cited by 198
Tourism Governance and Attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa
Siakwah, P., Musavengane, R., & Leonard, L. (2019) · Tourism Planning & Development · doi:10.1080/21568316.2019.1600160 · Cited by 199
“However, trust is a complex construct, sometimes defined in terms of the psychological state of an actor toward another with whom the actor has some interdependent to valued resources (Holmes & Rempel, 1989; Nunkoo, 2017).”
Background
Australasian Marketing Journal
Alpert, F. H., & Johnson, L. W. (1998) · Cited by 200
An investment model prediction of dating infidelity.
Drigotas, S. M., Safstrom, C. A., & Gentilia, T. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.509 · Cited by 296
Depressive personality styles: Implications for adult attachment
Zuroff, D. C., & Fitzpatrick, D. K. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00136-g · Cited by 198
Brand Misconduct: Consequences on Consumer–Brand Relationships
Huber, F., Vollhardt, K., Matthes, I., & Vogel, J. (2010) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.10.006 · Cited by 198
The Role of Trust in Postadoption IT Exploration: An Empirical Examination of Knowledge Management Systems
Thatcher, J. B., McKnight, D. H., Baker, E. W., Arsal, R. E., & Roberts, N. H. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2009.2028320 · Cited by 196
“Benevolence means the trustee cares for one and has one’s interests at heart [ 10 ].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The impact of positive mood on trust in interpersonal and intergroup interactions.
Lount, R. B. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017344 · Cited by 206
Identity negotiation at work
Swann, W. B., Johnson, R. E., & Bosson, J. K. (2009) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2009.06.005 · Cited by 217
Do We Trust in AI? Role of Anthropomorphism and Intelligence
Troshani, I., Rao Hill, S., Sherman, C., & Arthur, D. (2021) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2020.1788473 · Cited by 228
“54,55 That is, competence and predictability influence cognitive trust whilst benevolence and integrity drive affective trust.”
Background
Harmonious and Obsessive Passion for the Internet: Their Associations With the Couple's Relationship 1
Levesque, C. S., Lalibertea, M. L. N., Pelletier, L. G., Blanchard, C., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb02079.x · Cited by 205
“Other studies also found that individuals who were intrinsically motivated toward their intimate relationships were feeling more in love and reported greater levels of confidence in their partners ( Rempel, Holmes, & Zanna, 1985; Seligman, Fazio, & Zanna, 1980).”
Result
The Use and Effects of Knowledge-Based System Explanations: Theoretical Foundations and a Framework for Empirical Evaluation
Dhaliwal, J., & Benbasat, I. (1996) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.7.3.342 · Cited by 194
The influence of distraction and driving context on driver response to imperfect collision warning systems
Lees, M. N., & Lee, J. D. (2007) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130701318749 · Cited by 193
Trust in electronic environments
Chopra, K., & Wallace, W. A. (2003) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2003.1174902 · Cited by 194
“This is reinforced by the large body of research that emphasizes the importance of dependence and dependability [10, 14, 20, 32, 33] or reliance and reliability [7, 13, 15, 16, 22, 25, 30, 31, 38].”
BackgroundInfluential
The Experience of Injustice
Mikula, G. (1986) · Critical issues in social justice · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5059-0_6 · Cited by 193
On the perpetuation of ignorance: System dependence, system justification, and the motivated avoidance of sociopolitical information.
Shepherd, S., & Kay, A. C. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026272 · Cited by 205
“Research on interpersonal relationships also suggests a causal link from perceived dependence to trust (Holmes & Rempel, 1989; Murray, Derreck, Leder, & Holmes, 2008; Murray & Holmes, 2009).”
Background
The ups and downs of dating: Fluctuations in satisfaction in newly formed romantic relationships.
Arriaga, X. B. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.754 · Cited by 191
Measuring offence-specific forgiveness in marriage: The Marital Offence-Specific Forgiveness Scale (MOFS).
Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C., & Fincham, F. D. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0016068 · Cited by 207
How do visual explanations foster end users' appropriate trust in machine learning?
Yang, F., Huang, Z., Scholtz, J., & Arendt, D. L. (2020) · Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3377325.3377480 · Cited by 200
“We referred to two ways in the literature to measure trust: (1) directly reporting the level of trust using subjective rating scales (e.g.,[14, 29, 31, 60, 126]); and (2) measuring through a multi-item questionnaire (e.g.,[47, 78, 82, 85, 87, 100, 104]).”
Method
Perceived Interactional Justice and Trust-in-supervisor as Mediators for Paternalistic Leadership
Wu, M., Huang, X., Li, C., & Liu, W. (2011) · Management and Organization Review · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2011.00283.x · Cited by 197
Privacy versus willingness to disclose in e-commerce exchanges: The effect of risk awareness on the relative role of trust and control
Olivero, N., & Lunt, P. (2004) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0167-4870(02)00172-1 · Cited by 271

Authors: Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. P.
Affiliations: University of Waterloo (CA)
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1985-07
Volume: 49
Issue: 1
Pages: 95-112
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.95
OpenAlex: W2034235631
Cited by: 3,146
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 77 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 137 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 124 · 2012: 133
FWCI: 7.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Keywords: interpersonal trust, close relationships, couples, intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, extrinsic motivation, self-affirmation, faith, predictability, dependability, gender differences, relationship building, trust scale

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Trust in close relationships.

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