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Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology.
Abstract
This article attempted to demonstrate that the perfectionism construct is multidimensional, comprising both personal and social components, and that these components contribute to severe levels of psychopathology. We describe three dimensions of perfectionism: self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism. Four studies confirm the multidimensionality of the construct and show that these dimensions can be assessed in a reliable and valid manner. Finally, a study with 77 psychiatric patients shows that self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism relate differentially to indices of personality disorders and other psychological maladjustment. A multidimensional approach to the study of perfectionism is warranted, particularly in terms of the association between perfectionism and maladjustment.
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“In this study, the internal consistency (Cronbach α at baseline) was 0.86 for the overall scale.”
From Schema-Informed Digital Mental Health Intervention for Maladaptive Cognitive-Emotional Patterns: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“According to the multidimensional view of perfectionism, two higher-order dimensions of trait perfectionism are commonly identified from the most frequently used and well-validated measures in the field”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as P. L. Hewitt & Flett, 1991
In the citing paper
“In contrast, the MPS-HF (P. L. Hewitt & Flett, 1991) and the APSR (Slaney et al., 2001), revised, each assesses perfectionistic concerns with one subscale, socially-prescribed perfectionism (SPP) for the MPS-HF, and discrepancy, for the APSR.”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as P. L. Hewitt & Flett, 1991
In the citing paper
“Indeed, Hewitt and Flett (1991) along with Hewitt, Flett, Besser, Sherry, and McGee (2003) have provided a strong theoretical foundation and direct empirical evidence to support a multidimensional conceptualization of perfectionism that includes both intra and interpersonal dimensions of perfectionism.”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Hewitt and Flett (1991)
In the citing paper
“with studies using the discrepancy subscale of the APSR (Slaney et al., 2001) demonstrating effects that were almost twice the magnitude of those found with the socially prescribed perfectionism subscale of the MPS-HF (P. L. Hewitt & Flett, 1991)”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as P. L. Hewitt & Flett, 1991
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Items 201–300 of 1,032
Primed Relational Schemas as a Source of Self-Evaluative Reactions
Baldwin, M. W. (1994) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1994.13.4.380 · Cited by 125
Trait and Self-Presentational Dimensions of Perfectionism Among Women with Anorexia Nervosa
Cockell, S. J., Hewitt, P. L., Seal, B. N., Sherry, S., Goldner, E. M., Flett, G. L., & Remick, R. A. (2002) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021237416366 · Cited by 126
“Extensive data have been presented, supporting the dimensionality, reliability, and validity of the MPS in clinical, student, and community samples ( Hewitt & Flett, 1991b; Hewitt, Flett, Turnbull-Donovan et al., 1991).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Assessment of Self-Oriented and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism: Subscales Make a Difference
Stoeber, J., & Edbrooke-Childs, J. H. (2010) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.513306 · Cited by 143
“Recognizing that perfectionism has both personal and interpersonal aspects, Hewitt and Flett (1991) have differentiated two main forms of perfectionism: self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism1.”
BackgroundChan, D. W. (2007) · journal for the education of the gifted · doi:10.4219/jeg-2007-512 · Cited by 128
“Emphasizing the multidimensionality and interpersonal aspects of perfectionism, Hewitt and Flett (1989, 1991) developed the 45-item Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) that assesses self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism.”
BackgroundMethodPerfectionism and Deficits in Cognitive Emotion Regulation
Rudolph, S. G., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2007) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-007-0056-3 · Cited by 125
“Extensive evidence attests to the reliability and validity of the MPS ( Hewitt & Flett, 1991, 2004 ).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationPerfectionism, self-consciousness and anxiety
Saboonchi, F., & Lundh, L. (1997) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00274-7 · Cited by 123
Sassaroli, S., & Ruggiero, G. M. (2005) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20079 · Cited by 125
Relationship of Perfectionism to Affect, Expectations, Attributions and Performance in the Classroom
Brown, E. J., Heimberg, R. G., Frost, R. O., Makris, G. S., Juster, H. R., & Leung, A. W. (1999) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1999.18.1.98 · Cited by 123
DiBartolo, P. M., & Rendón, M. J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.007 · Cited by 125
“…the tendency to set high personal standards paired with concerns about making mistakes (Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990), exploded in the last two decades following the publication of the first empirically derived measures of the construct (cf. Frost et al., 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOcampo, A. C., Wang, L., Kiazad, K., Restubog, S. L. D., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2019) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2400 · Cited by 136
State dependence and trait stability of perfectionism: A short-term longitudinal study.
Rice, K. G., & Aldea, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.205 · Cited by 141
Perfectionism, (Self-) Compassion, and Subjective Well-Being: A Mediation Model
Stoeber, J., Lalova, A. V., & Lumley, E. J. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109708 · Cited by 126
Perfectionism and components of state and trait anxiety
Flett, G. L., Endler, N. S., Tassone, C., & Hewitt, P. L. (1994) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02686891 · Cited by 127
“More recently, Hewitt and Flett (1991b, Study 3) extended this research by administering the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1991b) along with several measures, including the anxiety subscale from the Symptom-Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R; Derogatis, 1983) to another…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationSherry, S., Hewitt, P. L., Avi Besser, A., McGee, B. J., & Flett, G. L. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10237 · Cited by 134
“One half of the EDI-P represents intrapersonal themes embodying what Hewitt and Flett (1991) have termed self-oriented perfectionism (i.e., requiring perfection of oneself).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPerfectionism, Rumination, Worry, and Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescents
Flett, G. L., Coulter, L.-M., Hewitt, P. L., & Nepon, T. B. (2011) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/0829573511422039 · Cited by 138
“…in early adolescents would be in keeping with the notion that perfectionists are vulnerable to depression, in part, because of maladaptive cognitive styles and cognitive tendencies that become activated when stressors and setbacks are experienced (for a discussion, see Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGaudreau, P. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618797940 · Cited by 122
Self-Monitoring of Mistakes Among Subjects High and Low in Perfectionistic Concern over Mistakes
Frost, R. O., Trepanier, K. L., Brown, E. J., Heimberg, R. G., Juster, H. R., Makris, G. S., & Leung, A. W. (1997) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021884713550 · Cited by 122
“emphasized its multidimensional nature, and have provided instruments for measuring these dimensions (Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991 ).”
Parenting Style, Perfectionism, and Creativity in High-Ability and High-Achieving Young Adults
Miller, A. L., Lambert, A. D., & Neumeister, K. L. S. (2012) · journal for the education of the gifted · doi:10.1177/0162353212459257 · Cited by 123
Development and Validation of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale–Brief
Burgess, A. M., Frost, R. O., & DiBartolo, P. M. (2016) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282916651359 · Cited by 116
“Last, a prominent measure of perfectionism, the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (H-MPS) developed by Hewitt and Flett (1991), was unavailable in any of the data sets used for the present study.”
MethodCorrelates with perfectionism and the utility of a dual process model
Bergman, A., Nyland, J. E., & Burns, L. R. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.007 · Cited by 119
“For instance, it was found that perfectionism positively correlates with neuroticism (Flett, Hewitt, & Dyck, 1989), depression (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, 1993), and personality disorders (Hewitt, Flett, & Turnbull-Donovan, 1992).”
BackgroundMethodPerfectionism, anger, somatic health, and positive affect
Saboonchi, F., & Lundh, L. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00382-3 · Cited by 123
“The purpose of the present study was to investigate these associations by means of the MPS-H (Hewitt & Flett, 1991b): that is, how are anger, somatic health, and positive affect related to self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism?”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStoeber, J., Harris, R., & Moon, P. S. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.012 · Cited by 131
An Empirical Typology of Perfectionism in Gifted Adolescents
Dixon, F. A., Lapsley, D. K., & Hanchon, T. A. (2004) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/001698620404800203 · Cited by 117
Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Zuroff, D. C., Lecce, S., & Hui, D. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.020 · Cited by 141
Chan, D. W. (2012) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783193.2012.715333 · Cited by 117
“Hewitt and Flett (1989, 1991) emphasized the interpersonal aspects of perfectionism and developed the 45-item Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) that assesses self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism.”
BackgroundBardone‐Cone, A. M. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.10.004 · Cited by 127
Flett, G. L., Nepon, T. B., & Hewitt, P. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_6 · Cited by 136
Self-citationAlexithymia, memory of emotion, emotional awareness, and perfectionism.
Lundh, L., Johnsson, A., Sundqvist, K., & Olsson, H. (2002) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.2.4.361 · Cited by 124
Predicting procrastination: the role of academic achievement, self-efficacy and perfectionism.
Kurtovic, A., Vrdoljak, G., & Idzanovic, A. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.17583/ijep.2019.2993 · Cited by 115
“Hewitt and Flett (1991) introduced a three-dimensional model of perfectionism, which included an interpersonal aspect: self-oriented, other-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism.”
BackgroundPerfectionism dimensions in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Castro, J., Gila, A., Gual, P. L., Lahortiga‐Ramos, F., Saura, B., & Toro, J. (2004) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.11.094 · Cited by 129
“Specifically, Hewitt and Flett described self-oriented perfectionism (critical selfscrutiny and unrealistic self-imposed personal standards), other-oriented perfectionism (the expectation that others should achieve unrealistic standards, tendency toward dominance and authoritarianism), and socially prescribed perfecti…”
BackgroundEnough is Enough: Cognitive Antecedents of Workaholism and Its Aftermath
Wijhe, C. I. V., Peeters, M. C. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2014) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21573 · Cited by 113
“In a recent study of Taris et al. (2010), the relationship of workaholism with two specific forms of perfectionism was examined (i.e., self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism; Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”
BackgroundEdbrooke-Childs, J. H., & Stoeber, J. (2012) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2012.737547 · Cited by 130
“One of the most widely researched models of perfectionism is that of Hewitt and Flett (1991), which differentiates between two main forms of perfectionism: socially prescribed perfectionism and self-oriented perfectionism.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCrane, M. F., Phillips, J. K., & Karin, E. (2015) · Australian Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/avj.12366 · Cited by 133
The structure of perfectionism: A twin study
Tozzi, F., Aggen, S. H., Neale, B. M., Anderson, C. B., Mazzeo, S. E., Neale, M. C., & Bulik, C. M. (2004) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/b:bege.0000038486.47219.76 · Cited by 112
The Role of Perfectionism in Daily Self‐Esteem, Attachment, and Negative Affect
Dunkley, D. M., Berg, J., & Zuroff, D. C. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00741.x · Cited by 131
Stoeber, J. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199731763.013.0015 · Cited by 119
“…perfectionism include the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS; Frost et al., 1990), the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1991, 2004), the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R; Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby, 2001), and the Perfectionism Inventory…”
Powers, T. A., Koestner, R., & Topciu, R. A. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204272311 · Cited by 117
“MPS (Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPersonality traits and exercise dependence: Exploring the role of narcissism and perfectionism
Miller, K. J., & Mesagno, C. (2014) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2014.932821 · Cited by 110
“MPS (Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialChen, C., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.001 · Cited by 110
Self-citationChang, E. C. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.9.1001 · Cited by 123
“Not surprisingly, Hewitt and Flett (1991) have argued that the feelings of worthlessness and harsh self–criticism often associated with not measuring up to one’s ideal expectations are likely to lead to negative emotional states or conditions.”
BackgroundStoeber, J. (2015) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9485-y · Cited by 112
Perfectionism in Employees: Work Engagement, Workaholism, and Burnout
Stoeber, J., & Damian, L. E. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_12 · Cited by 133
Sherry, S., Law, A. K.-W., Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Avi Besser, A. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.001 · Cited by 110
“As seen in Table 1, means for the MPS (Hewitt & Flett, 1991), ISSB (Finch et al., 1997), SPS (Dunkley et al., 2000), and BDI (Sherry et al., 2003) fell within one standard deviation of values from prior studies involving undergraduates, suggesting means from the present study are generally consistent with previous res…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFlett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Nepon, T., Sherry, S. B., & Smith, M. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102130 · Cited by 110
“Hewitt and Flett (1991b) signalled that socially prescribed perfectionism involved complex motives and desires when they observed people with high socially prescribed perfectionism “… place greater importance on obtaining the attention but avoiding the disapproval of others” (p. 457).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationParker, W. D., & Stumpf, H. (1995) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/073428299501300404 · Cited by 108
Hall, H., Kerr, A. W., Kozub, S. A., & Finnie, S. B. (2006) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.04.007 · Cited by 107
Perfectionism Dimensions and the Five–factor Model of Personality
Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., & Berg, J. (2011) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.829 · Cited by 123
“Three multidimensional conceptualizations of perfectionism that have generated considerable interest are those of Frost, Marten, Lahart, and Rosenblate (1990), Hewitt and Flett (1991), and Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, and Ashby (2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2098 · Cited by 108
“…studies that used the personal standards subscale of the APSR (Slaney et al., 2001), the self-oriented perfectionism subscale of the MPS-HF (Hewitt & Flett, 1991), the personal standards and organisation subscales of the FMPS (Frost et al., 1990) and the positive perfectionism subscale of…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf‐oriented perfectionism in eating disorders
Castro‐Fornieles, J., Gual, P. L., Lahortiga‐Ramos, F., Gila, A., Casulà, V., Fuhrmann, C., Imirizaldu, M., Saura, B., Martínez, E., & Toro, J. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20393 · Cited by 107
Stoeber, J., Kempe, T., & Keogh, E. J. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.007 · Cited by 123
PREDICTORS OF ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Saddler, C. D., & Buley, J. (1999) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1999.84.2.686 · Cited by 111
A longitudinal study of perfectionism in adolescent onset anorexia nervosa‐restricting type
Nilsson, K. A., Sundbom, E., & Hägglöf, B. (2007) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.850 · Cited by 105
Smith, M. M., Vidovic, V., Sherry, S. B., Stewart, S. H., & Saklofske, D. H. (2018) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2017.1384466 · Cited by 106
“Similarly, perfectionistic strivings consist of a family of traits, including self-oriented perfectionism (demanding perfection of oneself; Hewitt & Flett, 1991) and personal standards (holding unreasonably high standards; Frost et al., 1990).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Social World of Gifted Children and Youth
Robinson, N. M. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74401-8_3 · Cited by 110
“Hewitt and Flett (1991), for example, see the high standards we set for ourselves and for others as sometimes positive and certainly less neurotically debilitating than the feeling that one must live up to the expectations of others.”
BackgroundEmotional Intelligence, Body Image and Disordered Eating Attitudes in Combat Sport Athletes
Costarelli, V., & Stamou, D. (2009) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/s1728-869x(09)60013-7 · Cited by 106
“Tel: +30 210 9549368 Fax: +30 210 9577050 E-mail: costarv@hua.gr Psychological factors such as perfectionism, anxiety, mood, emotion dysregulation, disturbed body image and self-esteem are implicated in the multifactorial etiology of eating disorders (Markey & Vander Wal 2007; Sassaroli & Ruggiero 2005; Hewitt & Flett…”
BackgroundA psychometric examination of the multidimensional perfectionism scale
Parker, W. D., & Adkins, K. K. (1995) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf02229054 · Cited by 106
“An identically named measure has been developed by Hewitt and Flett (1991) , which purports to measure perfectionism with the same multidimensional approach.”
BackgroundInfluentialExploring the role of personality in the relationship between maximization and well-being
Purvis, A., Howell, R. T., & Iyer, R. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.023 · Cited by 113
Perfectionism and chronic insomnia
Vincent, N. K., & Walker, J. R. (2000) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00175-6 · Cited by 104
Clinical and Mental Health Issues in Counseling the Gifted Individual
Cross, J. R., & Cross, T. L. (2015) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2015.00192.x · Cited by 107
Edbrooke-Childs, J. H., & Stoeber, J. (2010) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2010.518486 · Cited by 116
“Study Design and Hypotheses This research study investigated how the three forms of perfectionism proposed by Hewitt and Flett (1991)—self-oriented perfectionism, otheroriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism—were associated with burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, reduced efficacy)…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWalsh, J. J., & Ugumba-Agwunobi, G. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00148-9 · Cited by 103
“Frost, Heimberg, Holt, Mattia, and Neubauer (1993) compared their own measure of perfectionism with that of Hewitt and Flett (1991) and found considerable overlap.”
BackgroundStoeber, J., Chesterman, D., & Tarn, T.-A. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.021 · Cited by 108
The Research on Risk Factors for Adolescents’ Mental Health
Lin, J., & Guo, W. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14040263 · Cited by 150
“The detrimental impact of perfectionism on adolescents’ mental health is displayed through self-criticism, self-punishment, and the establishment of rigorous standards, which are typical features of self-oriented perfectionism [38].”
BackgroundInfluentialPerfectionism and self-consciousness in social phobia and panic disorder with agoraphobia
Saboonchi, F., Lundh, L., & Öst, L. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00183-1 · Cited by 103
“In the Hewitt and Flett (1991a) approach, on the other hand, three dimensions of perfectionism are identi®ed: self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism.”
BackgroundFunctional and dysfunctional perfectionists: are they different on compulsive-like behaviors?
Rhéaume, J., Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Bouchard, C., Gallant, L., Talbot, F., & Vallières, A. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00203-4 · Cited by 117
Blankstein, K. R., Lumley, C. H., & Crawford, A. (2007) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-007-0053-6 · Cited by 101
“Perfectionism was assessed using the reliable and valid Hewitt and Flett (1991) MPS.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEnns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Clara, I. P. (2005) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-005-2843-04 · Cited by 102
“Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Hewitt & Flett MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1991 )”
BackgroundInfluentialJowett, G. E., Hill, A. P., Hall, H., & Curran, T. (2012) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029770 · Cited by 101
“The second approach used to examine the perfectionism–burnout relationship was developed by Hewitt and Flett (1991).”
MethodFlett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Whelan, T., & Martin, T. R. (2007) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-007-0055-4 · Cited by 120
“The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale is a 45-item measure of self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism (Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationLundh, L. (2004) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1023/b:jore.0000047311.12864.27 · Cited by 104
“In the second section, the concept of acceptance is analyzed and discussed in relation to the various dimensions of perfectionism that have been identified by Frost et al. (1990) and Hewitt and Flett (1991) .”
BackgroundInfluentialBartsch, D. R. (2007) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284200601178532 · Cited by 111
The role of personality in the development and perpetuation of chronic fatigue syndrome
White, C., & Schweitzer, R. (2000) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00087-8 · Cited by 101
Perfectionism across stages of recovery from eating disorders
Bardone‐Cone, A. M., Sturm, K., Lawson, M. A., Robinson, D. P., & Smith, R. (2009) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20674 · Cited by 99
“The MPS was developed to reflect intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions of trait perfectionism.(29) Self-oriented perfectionism, the intrapersonal dimension, reflects having very high standards for oneself (e.”
Dimensions of perfectionism and constructive thinking as a coping response
Flett, G. L., Russo, F., & Hewitt, P. L. (1994) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/bf02354594 · Cited by 111
“Whereas past research focused on the self-oriented aspects of perfectionism by focusing exclusively on personal standards (e.g., Burns, 1980; Pirot, 1986), more recent work (e.g., Hewitt & Flett, 1990, 1991b ) has included an emphasis on both the personal and interpersonal aspects of perfectionism by including a focus…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationParental and Coach Support or Pressure on Psychosocial Outcomes of Pediatric Athletes in Soccer
Ommundsen, Y., Roberts, G. C., Lemyre, P., & Miller, B. W. (2006) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.jsm.0000248845.39498.56 · Cited by 99
Internalization of messages from society and perfectionism as predictors of male body image
Grammas, D. L., & Schwartz, J. P. (2008) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.10.002 · Cited by 100
Dunkley, D. M., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., & McGlashan, T. H. (2008) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.09.004 · Cited by 101
“Specifically, factor analytic studies of several scales from different theoretical frameworks of perfectionism [8,9] have consistently identified 2 higher order latent factors that are considered to reflect personal standards and self-criticism dimensions [6,10].”
A Randomised Controlled Trial of Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Perfectionism
Handley, A. K., Egan, S. J., Kane, R. T., & Rees, C. S. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.02.006 · Cited by 99
“This definition has primarily arisen from the results of factor analytic studies of multidimensional perfectionism measures (Frost et al., 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991) as opposed to being based on theoretical descriptions of the construct (Shafran, Cooper, & Fairburn, 2002).”
BackgroundStornelli, D., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2009) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/0829573509342392 · Cited by 101
“He is the cocreator along with Gordon Flett of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale, and the Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRadhu, N., Daskalakis, Z. J., Arpin-Cribbie, C. A., Irvine, J., & Ritvo, P. (2012) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2011.630703 · Cited by 94
Perfectionism and exam performance: The mediating effect of task-approach goals
Stoeber, J., Haskew, A. E., & Scott, C. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.016 · Cited by 103
“In the present study, 100 university students completed a measure of self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism (Hewitt & Flett, 1991) and received a chapter from a textbook to study for 2– 4 days.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDamian, L. E., Stoeber, J., Negru‐Subtirica, O., & Băban, A. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12261 · Cited by 122
“…of perfectionistic strivings and (b) concern over mistakes, doubts about actions (Frost et al., 1990), and socially prescribed perfectionism (Hewitt & Flett, 1991) as combined indicators of perfectionistic concerns (e.g., Dunkley et al., 2000; Enns, Cox, Sareen, & Freeman, 2001; Stoeber &…”
BackgroundMethodStoeber, J., Noland, A. B., Mawenu, T. W. N., Henderson, T. M., & Kent, D. N. P. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.008 · Cited by 97
“Perfectionism is a personality disposition characterized by exceedingly high standards of performance accompanied by critical evaluations of oneself and others and a fear of negative social evaluation if not perfect (Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”
BackgroundGuided self-help versus pure self-help for perfectionism: A randomised controlled trial
Pleva, J., & Wade, T. D. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.009 · Cited by 106
Personality Predictors of Outcome for Adolescents Hospitalized for Suicidal Ideation
Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Inayatulla, M. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000046847.56865.b0 · Cited by 98
Leong, F. T. L., & Chervinko, S. (1996) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/106907279600400306 · Cited by 98
Curran, T., & Hill, A. P. (2022) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000347 · Cited by 114
Trumpeter, N. N., Watson, P. J., & O’Leary, B. J. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.014 · Cited by 105
“Each subscale of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Hewitt & Flett, 1991) was factor analyzed in an attempt to determine whether perfectionism is best described as a categorical or as a dimensional construct.”
MethodDo adaptive perfectionism and self-determined motivation reduce academic procrastination?
Burnam, A., Komarraju, M., Hamel, R., & Nadler, D. R. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.10.009 · Cited by 115
Feher, A., Smith, M. M., Saklofske, D. H., Plouffe, R. A., Wilson, C. A., & Sherry, S. B. (2020) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282919878553 · Cited by 83
“Our study thus adds to evidence conceptualizing perfectionism as a multidimensional construct (e.g., Frost et al., 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991b; Hewitt, Flett, Besser, Sherry, & McGee, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSmith, M. M., Sherry, S., Ray, C. M., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101982 · Cited by 102
Self-citationPerfectionism and Sexual Satisfaction in Intimate Relationships
Habke, A. M., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1999) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1022168715349 · Cited by 96
“Recent work has established that perfectionism is multifaceted, with both intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions (e.g., Hewitt & Flett, 1991a ), and has clearly documented a role for the various dimensions in emotional distress.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDimensions of Perfectionism and Anxiety Sensitivity
Flett, G. L., Greene, A., & Hewitt, P. L. (2004) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1023/b:jore.0000011576.18538.8e · Cited by 97
“The battery of measures in this study included the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; Peterson & Reiss, 1992) and the selforiented perfectionism subscale of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1991b, in press ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationStroop interference, self-focus and perfectionism in social phobics
Lundh, L., & Öst, L. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00008-6 · Cited by 96
Perfectionism, social problem-solving ability, and psychological distress
Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., Solnik, M., & Brunschot, M. V. (1996) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/bf02238139 · Cited by 99
“The various perfectionism dimensions tend to be correlated moderately in both clinical and nonclinical samples ( Hewitt & Flett, 1991b ), and it is evident from the present findings that socially prescribed perfectionism is associated with a maladaptive problem-solving orientation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDispositional contempt: a first look at the contemptuous person
Schriber, R. A., Chung, J. M., Sorensen, K. S., & Robins, R. W. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000101 · Cited by 96
Xie, Y., Kong, Y., Yang, J., & Chen, F. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.028 · Cited by 120
Perfectionism and narcissism: A meta-analytic review
Smith, M. M., Sherry, S., Chen, S., Saklofske, D. H., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.012 · Cited by 112
“These dimensions are differentially related to various outcomes, including disordered personality (Flett et al., 1998; Hewitt & Flett, 1991; Hewitt et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEnns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Larsen, D. K. (2000) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370004500305 · Cited by 93
Metadata
- Authors
- Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 456-470
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4239426612
- Cited by
- 3,378
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 185 · 2025: 213 · 2024: 153 · 2023: 155 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 189 · 2020: 181 · 2019: 153 · 2018: 166 · 2017: 158 · 2016: 162 · 2015: 164 · 2014: 158 · 2013: 102 · 2012: 140
- FWCI
- 18.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- perfectionism, self-perfectionism, social perfectionism, psychopathology, conceptualization, assessment, personality traits
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Assessment, Personality Development, Personality Disorders, Personality Tests, Risk Factors, Self Concept, Social Adjustment, Social Desirability, Type A Personality
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