Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology.

“In recent research, perfectionism is conceptualized as a multidimensional personality trait, comprising both adaptive and maladaptive components (Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”

“Perfectionism is a factor in predisposing, precipitating, and prolonging depression among university students, community members, and psychiatric patients (e.g., Chang, 2000; Hewitt & Flett, 1991a; Kawamura, Hunt, Frost, & DiBartolo, 2001; Rice, Ashby, & Slaney, 1998).”

“Some evidence using the Hewitt and Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Hewitt & Flett, 1991) is consistent with these findings.”

“In particular, perfectionism correlated strongly with depression, dysphoria, and general negative affect (Frost et al., 1993; Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”

“As expected, the scores of the two measures of other-oriented perfectionism—the MPS scale (Hewitt and Flett 1991) and the 1990 scale (Hewitt and Flett 1990)—showed large-sized positive correlations as would be expected from scales intended to capture the same construct, even though the size of the correlations (.”

“A multi-method multi-analytic approach to establishing 3 internal construct validity evidence: The Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale – 2.”

“…for a review) and there has been a particular focus on the negative correlates of perfectionism, including concurrent psychopathology (Antony, Purdon, Huta, & Swinson, 1998; Hewitt & Flett, 1991a, 1991b, 1993; Hewitt, Flett, & Ediger, 0191-8869/03/$ - see front matter # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.”

“These measures include the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale by Frost, Marten, Lahart, and Rosenblate (1990), the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) by Hewitt and Flett (1991) , and the revised Almost Perfect Scale, developed by Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, and Ashby (2001).”

“Scientific theory and research, however, have progressed to a more differentiated view that conceptualizes perfectionism as a multidimensional personality characteristic (e.g., Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991; Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby, 2001).”

“These factors have included, but are not limited to, levels of self-confidence and self-esteem (Hewitt & Flett, 1991; Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990), optimism/pessimism (Alkus & Padesky, 1983; Scheier, Weintraub, & Carver, 1986; Violanti & Aron, 1993), extraversion/introversion (Costa,…”

“PII: S1469-0292(01)00018-8 210 A.M. Haase et al. / Psychology of Sport and Exercise 3 (2002) 209–222 Hewitt & Flett, 1991a).”

“PC, in particular, are related to a need for approval from others and fears of negative evaluation (Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”

“Previous research has shown that the MPS has acceptable levels of internal consistency (Cox et al., 2002; Frost, Heimberg, Holt, Mattia, & Neubauer, 1993; Hewitt & Flett, 1991b ) and exhibits theoretically-meaningful relationships between the three subscales and other measures of perfectionism (Cox et al., 2002; Hewit…”

“Working from di erent conceptual frameworks, two groups of investigators independently developed instruments entitled the `Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale' (MPS) (Frost et al., 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991a).”

“Multidimensional perfectionism scale (MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”

“In another context, we have conceptualized perfectionism as a multidimensional construct that incorporates self-related and social components ( Hewitt & Flett, 1991b ).”

“Flett et al. utilized the Hewitt and Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS-H; Hewitt & Flett, 1991) that examines three dimensions of perfectionism based on the target of perfectionistic expectations.”

“Hewitt and Flett’s (1991) Multidimensional 5 Perfectionism Scale was used to assess self-oriented (e.”

“high self-standards and motivation), and two interpersonal dimensions described as other-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism ( Hewitt & Flett, 1991b ).”

“…on mental health, a positive aspect of perfectionism has also been identified through factor analytic studies (e.g., Suddarth & Slaney, 2001) of multidimensional perfectionism scales (Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991; Slaney, Mobley, Trippi, Ashby, & Johnson, 1996).”

“According to Hewitt and Flett (1991), one potential factor that can contribute to the distinct impact of SOP and SPP is the level and type of motivation associated with each of these perfectionism dimensions.”

“Nevertheless, it is agreed that perfectionism is best understood as a multidimensional construct, and this is reflected in the development of two widely used scales, both entitled the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991, 1996).”

“In comparison, the two other studies relating the Socially Prescribed Perfectionism scale from the HFMPS (Hewitt & Flett, 1991) to Neuroticism found rather modest relationships (r = .36 and r = .28, respectively; Enns & Cox, 2002; Hill et al., 1997), results that were comparable though somewhat…”

“Future studies might thus consider more narrow traits that are perhaps more immediately involved in motivating toilet paper stockpiling (or a lack thereof) such as optimism [29] or perfectionism [30] or that directly tap into antisocial tendencies such as the dark triad traits [31].”

“To select the participants, the MPS was administered to 290 first-year honors students.”

“Perfectionism has been generally conceptualized as an enduring stable personality trait (Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”

“Recent conceptualizations view the construct as multifaceted in nature (e.g., Frost et al., 1990; Hewitt and Flett, 1991), while these facets have been conceptually and empirically combined to higher order dimensions of perfectionistic concerns (Frost et al., 1993; Stoeber and Otto, 2006).”

“(p. 465) Hewitt and Flett (1991) also developed a perfectionism scale, with the same name, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, as that of Frost, et. al.”

“Perfectionism comes in different forms and is best conceptualized as a multidimensional disposition (Frost et al., 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991; Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby, 2001).”

“Perfectionism traits, as conceptualized by Hewitt and Flett (1991), reflect the need to be perfect and are composed of self-oriented perfectionism (SOP, i.e., the require- ment that the self be perfect), other-oriented perfectionism (OOP, i.e., the requirement that others be perfect), and (SPP,…”

“Blankstein, Lumley, & Crawford (2007) Perfectionism, Hopelessness, and Suicide Ideation: Revisions to Diatheses-Stress and Specific Vulnerability Models MPS (Hewitt & Flett, 1991) Extended Hopelessness Scale SPP was a significant predictor of suicide ideation, interpersonal hopelessness, and achievement hopelesssness…”

“The Inventory of Perfectionism (MPS) (Hewitt & Flett, 1991), which has three dimensions of perfectionism.”

“High expectations of parents and the desire to please others may foster the belief that parental love and social acceptance are contingent upon one's high achievement ( Hewitt and Flett, 1991; Hills, 1987; Pacht, 1984), a belief that increases the risk for developing emotional difficulties.”

“Various authors have identified that perfectionism is a multidimensional construct whose core elements not only regulate different forms of achievement striving but give rise to specific psychological processes that may lead to both adaptive and maladaptive outcomes (Frost et al., 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991; Terry-Sho…”

“Hewitt-MPS. The Hewitt-MPS ( Hewitt & Flett, 1991 ) is a global measure of perfectionism.”

“They are high on a particular form of perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism (Hewitt & Flett, 1991), expecting others to strive for perfection and be perfect, and being highly critical of others (but not of themselves; Stoeber, Sherry, & Nealis, 2015).”

“Thus, compared to past studies (Hewitt & Flett, 1991), Shahar et al. found a narrower association between perfectionism and PP.”

“Hewitt and Flett (1991b) and Hewitt, Flett, Turnbull-Donovan, and Mikail (1991) have provided supportive data on the reliability and validity of this scale.”

“Trait perfectionism, brooding and depression were assessed using the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Hewitt & Flett, 1991, 1996), the Brooding subscale based upon the work of Treynor et al. (2003) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale (Radloff, 1977), respectively.”

“component of the need to meet those standards and to strive to fulfill those standards (Hewitt and Flett, 1991).”

“Furthermore, people high in perfectionism reportedly experience an increased frequency and greater range of symptoms of psychopathology than those with low levels of perfectionism, and are more seriously troubled by severity of procrastination [5].”

“The third MPS variable, other-oriented perfectionism, is not considered in this study, as it has been associated with interpersonal difficulty, but not consistently with negative personal symptoms related to cognitive processing (Flett, Besser, Davis, & Hewitt, 2003; Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”

“Perfectionism has been assessed using several multidimensional instruments available in the research literature (Frost et al., 1990, Hewitt and Flett, 1991 and Hill et al., 2004), but factor analyses reveal that virtually any measure of perfectionism reflects two basic forms of perfectionism (see…”

“It is further hypothesised that socially prescribed perfectionism will be positively associated with exercise dependence because the disposition encourages individuals to seek the approval of others in order to validate a sense of self ( Hewitt & Flett, 1991 ).”

“Introduction Perfectionism is a personality characteristic that entails striving for flawlessness, setting exceedingly high standards, and making overly critical evaluations (Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”

“Self-oriented perfectionism is the joint tendency to expect perfection from oneself and the motivation to attain perfectionistic standards (Hewitt & Flett, 1991; Flett et al., 1992).”

“(revised JanisField Scale; Eagly 1967) and selfconsciousness (Private selfconsciousness subscale of the SelfConsciousness Scale; Fenigstein, Scheier & Buss, 1975) frustrated, angry, and depressed, measured using a 41-item measure anagrams task (control condition v failure) there were no significant interactions availa…”

“…associate with negative affectivity, such as guilt, disappointment, and anger (Bieling, Israeli, Smith et al. 2003; Antony, Purdon et al. 1998; Hewitt and Flett 1991a, b) or interact with other risk factors to predict psychological distress (cf. Dunkley et al. 2000; O’Connor and O’Connor…”

“Numerous studies utilising two different Multidimensional Perfectionism Scales (MPS-F; Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990; MPS-H; Hewitt & Flett, 1991) have provided evidence for this with reliable associations between items measuring positive aspects of perfectionism and positive affect as…”

“…in the last two decades (Ganske & Ashby, 2007), with a growing body of research demonstrating that perfectionism is best studied using a multidimensional approach (e.g., Dunkley, Zuroff, & Blankstein, 2003; Frost et al., 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991a; Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby, 2001).”

“Perfectionism was assessed by the 15-item Self-Oriented sub-scale of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale [MPS] ( Hewitt & Flett, 1991 ).”

“Frost, Marten, Lahart, and Rosenblate (1990) and Hewitt and Flett (1991) have examined multiple dimensions of perfectionism and developed scales to reflect their conceptualizations of perfectionism, both named the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS).”

“Hewitt and Flett (1991) proposed a multidimensional model of perfectionism that separates the construct into three dimensions: self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism.”

“$0J0 0 1995 Plenum Publishing Corporation Two recent conceptualizations of perfectionism have emphasized the multidimensional nature of the construct (Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”

“Because self-oriented perfectionists impose high standards on themselves and evaluate their performance against these standards (Hewitt & Flett, 1991), it follows that they would be motivated by an underlying need for achievement and would develop either mastery or performance-approach goals based…”

“Measures 1) Socially-prescribed perfectionism In order to measure socially-prescribed perfectionism, multidimensional perfectionism scale developed by Hewitt & Flett [9] and adapted by Lee [10] was employed.”

“…perfectionism is an internally motivated form of perfectionism focused on high personal standards of performance whereas socially prescribed perfectionism is an externally motivated form of perfectionism focused on concerns about how others evaluate one’s performance (Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”