Who is this "We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations.

“Research suggests that the self can be viewed as either an independent entity, distinct from others, or an interdependent entity, connected to others; moreover, these competing construals may coexist within one person (Brewer and Gardner 1996).”

“Relational attributions are unique in that they are associated with relationship schema, and, hence, attributers are made more aware of potential behaviors associated with improving or maintaining them (Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“…Gaertner, & Clark, 1981) as well as in the self-construal and social identity literatures (e.g., Agnew, Van Lange, Rusbult, & Langston, 1998; Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Gardner, Gabriel, & Hochschild, 2002; Goldstein & Cialdini, in press; Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Norton, Monin, Cooper, & Hogg,…”

“Creativity corresponds to basic human needs of exploration (Kashdan, Rose, & Fincham, 2004), variety (Drolet, 2002; Maddi, Propst, & Feldinger, 1965), autonomy (Amabile, 1996), and uniqueness (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Snyder & Fromkin, 1977).”

“Brewer and Gardner (1996) conceptualized these forms of self in terms of a third category of “relational” self (see also Sedikides & Brewer, 2001).”

“…this influence of charity efficiency on promotion preferences should be limited to people with interdependent self-construals who are predisposed to considering alternative courses of action based on the consequences each holds for helping others (Brewer and Gardner 1996; Markus and Kitayama 1991).”

“As noted earlier, a relational construal of self is shaped in interactions with others (Brewer and Gardner, 1996).”

“And the considerable work on social identity by Brewer and colleagues (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Sedikides & Brewer, 2001) relies on the same three categories; that is, they distinguish between the individual self, the relational self, and the collective self as three fundamental ways people…”

“…attention to either independent or interdependent aspects of the self is to have individuals circle pronouns that symbolize independence, such as “I” and “me,” versus those that symbolize interdependency, such as “we” and “us,” respectively (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Gardner, Gabriel, & Lee, 1999).”

“Through dynamic interactions (Chen 2007), team members’ connections strengthen the sense that their collaborations will encourage other team members’ creative contributions toward the big picture (Brewer and Gardner 1996).”

“…personal self-identity but also with their collective/group identity, which represents “internalizations of the norms and characteristics of important reference groups and consists of cognitions about the self that are consistent with that group identification” (Brewer and Gardner 1996, p. 84).”

“…as index of an independent, autonomous self and ‘‘we’’ as index of an interdependent, contextually defined self (Pillsbury, 1998), and that firstperson pronouns can serve as effective primes for independent and inter-dependent self-construal (e.g., Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Gardner et al., 1999).”

“…effected both types of self-construals and that priming effects are evident for both participants in the U.S. and participants in non-Western countries (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Gardner et al., 1999; Kuhen & Hannover, 2000; Trafimow et al., 1991; Trafimow et al., 1997; Ybarra & Trafimow, 1998).”

“…me, mine) induces an individual to adopt an individualistic self-view, whereas exposure to first-person plural pronouns (we, our, us, ours) leads an individual to adopt a collectivistic self-view, albeit temporarily (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Gardner, Gabriel, & Lee, 1999; Kühnen & Haberstroh, 2004).”

“Specifically, higher levels of abstraction are associated with more stereotyping (e.g., Brewer & Gardner, 1996; McCrea, Wieber, & Myers, 2012) and dispositional attributions of others (Kozak, Marsh, &Wegner, 2006; McIntyre, Paulson, Lord, & Lepper, 2004).”

“Generally, as people identify more strongly with their groups, group membership becomes increasingly important for how they see themselves and others and how they view their social worlds (see Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992; Tropp & Wright, 2001).”

“Because the literature on the influence of collective affect and the literature on collective identity are fairly well established (Brewer & Gardner, 1996), we focus only on the most relevant aspects of them to help elucidate how TEP, as a construct comprising both shared affect and group identity…”

“…on existential identity quests not just for self-esteem (Baumeister, 1997) or belonging (Tajfel and Turner, 1979), but, inter alia, uniqueness (Brewer and Gardner, 1996), authenticity (Erickson, 1995), celebrity (Lasch, 1979), fulfilment (Baumeister, 1986), success (Luckmann and Berger, 1964)…”

“Stated otherwise, people seek to achieve identity in three fundamental ways: (a) in terms of their unique traits; (b) in terms of dyadic relationships; and (c) in terms of group memberships (Brewer and Gardner 1996; Brewer 2001).”

“In fact, recent investigations have successfully used the pronouns I and we to prime self-constructs that are, respectively, more individualistic or interdependent in nature (e.g., Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Stapel & Koomen, 2001).”

“The Wrst questionnaire included the independent versus interdependent prime manipulation adopted from Brewer and Gardner (1996).”

“Researchers increasingly are approaching the culture orientation of individualism versus collectivism as just one of a number of possible antecedents that invoke an individual’s self-construal ( Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Gardner, Gabriel, & Lee, 1999; Trafimow, Triandis, & Goto, 1991).”

“Hence, collective identity reflects the extent to which an individual's self is defined in collective terms, leading them to focus more on the interests of the collective and less on their own (Brickson, 2000; Turner et al., 1987). According to Dansereau, Alutto, and Yammarino (1984), group-focused transformational le…”

“…in the sense that when a person is in a “we” frame of mind, that person is likely to value being part of a social unit and, thus, to accentuate similarities with close others (e.g., Aron et al., 1992; Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Schubert & Otten, 2002; Stapel & Koomen, 2001; Tajfel & Turner, 1979).”

“It is one facet of the social-identity-levels framework developed by Brewer and Gardner (1996). Persons with high relational identity are uniquely motivated to satisfy their belongingness needs by strengthening interpersonal attachments and expanding their selfdefinition by accruing relationships with others (Cooper &…”

“Dominant independent or interdependent self-construal are typical traits co-existing in various strengths within each person (Aaker & Lee, 2001; Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Singelis, 1994).”

“This content downloaded from 202.40.139.165 on Tue, 27 May 2014 06:00:23 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions private giving) or cultural (e.g., size and nature of the collective among interdependents; Brewer and Gardner 1996) considerations may also warrant further enquiry.”

“…of personal identity, relational identity, superordinate identity, subordinate identity, and even a degree of outgroup identification is a burgeoning new focus of social identity research (e.g., Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Hornsey& Hogg, 2000; Mummendey& Wenzel, 1999; Wright, Aron, & Tropp, 2002).”

“In an initial phase, participants encountered information used to manipulate self-construal by priming thoughts of either independence or interdependence (Brewer and Gardner 1996).”

“…are based on common bonds (attachment to other group members) and those based on common identity (collective identities)” (Prentice et al., 1994 in Brewer and Gardner, 1996, p. 83) as these potentially represent important sources of different co-ordinates for the self in consumption settings,…”

“Participants’ self-construal was primed in accordance with recent research in this area (e.g., Brewer and Gardner 1996; Mandel 2003).”

“Research has shown that people define themselves as individuals (e.g., “I am smart”) and in relation to social groups (e.g., “I am a Democrat”; see, e.g., Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“We felt our respondents would vary significantly in terms of endorsement of individualism and collectivism (e.g., Triandis, 1989) and the extent to which they had an independent or interdependent self-concept (e.g., Markus & Kitayama, 1991; also see Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“…empirical focus on individual founders and operational ventures, research in FIT has yet to explore prototypes or processes of collective identity formation, including questions about how “who I am” and “who I want to be” might affect “who we are” or “who we want to be” (Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“Brewer and Gardner (1996) suggest three levels of identity: individual, relational, and collective.”

“As founders assume various roles, they enact distinct role orientations that carry unique social motivations, types of self-knowledge, and sources of self-worth (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Brickson, 2000; Ren & Guo, 2011).”

“This modulation points to cognitive and neural mechanisms that might underlie the previously observed influence of independent versus interdependent self-construal priming on social behavior and social judgment (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Gardner et al., 1999).”

“Selfworth arises from favorable intergroup comparisons and group prototypicality (Andersen & Chen, 2002; Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Haslam, van Knippenberg, Platow, & Ellemers, 2003; Hogg & Terry, 2001; Sedikides & Brewer, 2001; Tajfel, 1981).”

“…to have interdependent self-concepts, whereas persons from individualistic cultures tend to have independent self-concepts (Bond & Cheung, 1983; Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Cousins, 1989; Dhawan, Roseman, Naidu, Thapa, & Rettek, 1995; Ip & Bond, 1995; Lalljee & Angelova, 1995; Markus & Kitayama,…”

“…perspective’’ (Sedikides et al., 2003) has recently been challenged by the notion that despite differences in chronic self-construal, individuals sometimes construe their selves as socially embedded and at other times as relatively isolated, depending on the context (e.g., Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“These two views of the self are not mutually exclusive, and research has found that either conception of the self may become salient depending upon environmental cues that prime one or the other self-concept (Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“According to Brewer and Gardner (1996), situational factors are important in rendering different levels of self-identity salient; therefore, leaders can create situations in which relational self-identity is more salient as a way to potentially enhance LMX agreement.”

“…or institution is related to cooperation, commitment, and a sense of responsibility for the whole (Pearce & Larson, 2006; Ryan & Deci, 2000) including personal sacrifice to benefit the organization or group (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Dawes, van de Kragt, & Orbell, 1990).”

“First, although people can chronically be more or less interdependent, there is now abundant evidence that self–construal orientation is sensitive to context, such as nonconscious priming manipulations ( Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Gardner, Gabriel, & Lee, 1999; Kuehnen, Hannover, & Schubert, 2001; Kuhnen & Oyserman, 2002…”

“Even if studies focus on relationships, they often fail to measure interpersonal relationships (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Brickson, 2005).”

“Experiment 5 Experiment 5 tested the hypothesis that switching between individualist versus collectivist mindsets (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Markus & Kitayama, 1991) would tax self-regulatory resources.”

“Although these assumptions are not without precedent (Aron et al., 1991; Andersen & Baum, 1994; Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Smith & Henry, 1996), it could be argued that best friends are not part of the extended self and that the tendency on the part of the Japanese to evaluate their best friends more…”