Who is this "We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations.

“Address correspondence and reprint requests to Susanne Hab Psychological Institute, University of Heidelberg, D-69117 Heidelb ity of psi- 323 -likely knowledge into account when they design their o utterances.”

“People may construe their identity in terms of an individual (one’s own traits and abilities) but also as part of larger social groupings (romantic couples, occupational groups, or nations; Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Turner, Oakes, Haslam, & McGarty, 1994).”

“As a result, employees compare membersof theirgroup tomembersof othergroups (Brewer & Gardner, 1996), leading to group-level social comparison biases.”

“The distinction between in-groups and out-groups can vary according to context (Berger and Heath 2007; Brewer and Gardner 1996) in that the preference for in-groups occurs from the association with group members (Bearden and Etzel 1982).”

“Even in task-independent units, where task-related interactions are often optional, cognitively shifting from an individual to a collective orientation can fulfill these psychological functions (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Sedikides & Brewer, 2001).”

“, 2011); identity, including self-theory (Kuhn, 1964), individual self (Brewer and Gardner, 1996), and self-efficacy (e.”

“…in which the individual focuses more on his or her connectedness with others and importantly, in which one focuses more on values that reflect prosocial goals (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Gardner, Gabriel, & Lee, 1999; Holland, Roeder, van Baaren, Brandt, & Hannover, 2004; Markus & Kitayama, 1991).”

“The differentiation of different levels of identity goes back to Brewer and Gardner (1996), who argue that individuals have different levels of identities available to them and that, at different times, different levels of identity are activated. At the personal level, the selfconcept is defined as traits that make th…”

“…individuals (e.g., a member of the senior generation or a nonfamily manager addressing a nextgeneration member as the leader) or the social context (e.g., influential suppliers or customers recognizing the leadership role of a next-generation member; Brewer & Gardner, 1996; DeRue & Ashford, 2010).”

“As discussed earlier, social identity and relational identity are associated with different foci and unique motivational bases [21].”

“Given a very different self-structure, in which the relational dimension dominates, the psychological processes associated with the self may vary as well (Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“and how these might shape personal values (Brewer and Gardner 1996; Elizur and Sagie 1999).”

“Within this tradition, experimental methods have primarily been used to examine how social identity can provide a heuristic framework for understanding intra-group (e.g., sense of loyalty to one’s group) and inter-group processes (Ashmore et al., 2004; Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Postmes et al., 2005).”

“…was highly scripted, these findings provide initial evidence that the effects of pronouns on social perception in Studies 1 and 2 as well as in previous research (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Perdue et al., 1990) can be generalized beyond questionnaire manipulations to spoken language contexts.”

“’s “harmony,” “advice,” “duty,” and “hierarchy” domains are all reflected in the Esteem for Group factor, whereas the related domain is similar to the Relational Interdependence factor, which is in turn similar to Relational Interdependence as defined by Brewer and Gardner (1996) and Cross et al. (2000). Other relevan…”

“A notable impetus for this movement has been the observation that people tend to hold the belief that their social groups are temporally extended (Brewer and Gardner, 1996; Sani et al., 2007)—that they have existed not only in the past but that they will also continue to prosper into the future.”

“membership, and social interactions within life narratives ( Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Somers, 1994).”

“Finally, although identity theories have been applied in a variety of contexts, including healthcare (Brewer and Gardner 1996, Dukerich et al. 2002, Johnson et al. 2006, Pratt and Foreman 2000, Real et al. 2009), they have yet to be utilized to study IT-related phenomena.”

“…arousal; Zillmann, 1983) should be accompanied by increased reflection upon aggression-relevant resources within the self (i.e., self-activation; Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Verplanken, Walker, Davis, & Jurasek, 2008) that may be functional for dealing with potential aggression, such as skills…”

“Although one must be circumspect in speculating about nonsignificant findings, perhaps, for low dismissives, receiving strong acceptance feedback produced a shift away from an independent self to a more interdependent self (Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“In the current study, enhanced collective self-esteem refers to an individual’s increased morale as a community member when they host a sport event (Brewer & Gardner, 2004) and in the context of their community hosting an event, indicates how high in regard local residents hold themselves (Eckstein…”

“This task was based on a procedure developed by Brewer and Gardner (1996) and has been used in several experiments manipulating salient self-construal (e.”

“In a set of earlier studies (Stapel & Koomen, 2001a), we demonstrated that similar contrast or assimilation effects might occur when people’s personal self or social self are activated, respectively (cf. Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Turner, 1987).”

“…includes cognitive representations of one’s individual attributes as well as social relationships, group memberships, and identities (e.g., Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Markus & Kitayama, 1991), and various circumstances may lead these social representations to become spontaneously salient…”

“Alternatively, given that personal and ingroup identities derive from different types of learning experiences (cf. Brewer & Gardner, 1996), ingroup identities may well be immune to the social comparison processes that shape personal identities.”

“In addition, social identity research suggests that a group member’s readiness to participate in new relationships depends on whether the group can form a salient social identity (Brewer and Gardner 1996).”

“Interdependent social roles emphasize the goal of satisfying another person and maintaining harmonious relationships (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Markus & Kitayama, 1991), and so the possession of CQs is essential for fulfilling important role expectancies.”

“In one such approach, three aspects of a self-concept are distinguished: individualist, relational, and collectivist selves (e.g., Brewer & Gardner, 1996; E. S. Kashima & Hardie, 2000; Y. Kashima et al., 1995; Y. Kashima, Kashima, & Aldridge, 2001; Triandis, 1989; also see Sedikides & Brewer, 2000).”

“…literature, which suggests that people’s self-evaluations assimilate to comparison targets when they are primed with a collective mind-set (think “we”) but contrast away from comparison targets when primed with an individualistic mind-set (think “me”; Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Stapel & Koomen, 2001).”

“For instance, Brewer and Gardner (1996) offered a single theoretical framework encompassing three levels of self-definition: personal self, relational self, and collective self.”

“It has been argued that when people perceive themselves as unattached to others their motivations have a primarily egocentric character (Aron, Aron, Tudor, & Nelson, 1991; Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“However, individuals within each culture vary on their level of individual versus collective identities (Brewer and Gardner 1996; Johnson et al. 2006).”

“In determining which demographic similarities are meaningful, it is important to note that when it comes to the contemporary work place, gays, women, and people of color are much more likely to place importance on demographical similarity than white males (Brewer and Gardner 1996; Smith and Henry 1996).”

“Specifically, these studies could draw from traditional media identification research (Klimmt, Hefner, & Vorderer, 2009) as well as incorporate the notion of identity at the individual level vs. group level (Brewer & Gardner, 1996), which previous research on the Proteus effect has not considered.”

“Strong interpersonal relationships with other organizational members such as coworkers, mentors, and role models, for example, foster identification because they create a sense of affiliation with the collective (Brewer and Gardner, 1996).”

“Second, each of these selves can contain personal identities (i.e., idiosyncratic characteristics and personality traits), social identities (i.e., social categories and groups to which the person belongs), and role identities (i.e., social roles the person holds) (Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“Categorization of others as belonging to the same social group as oneself arouses feelings of greater closeness and responsibility, and augments emotional response to their distress (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Dovidio et al., 1991, 1997).”

“We also examined an alternative account according to which the pronoun “we” activates an interdependent selfconstrual, whereas “you and the brand” activates an independent self-construal (Brewer and Gardner 1996; Gardner, Gabriel, and Lee 1999).”

“In this regard, Brewer and Gardner (1996) argue that people have different versions of self-concept: the personal self, which is characterized by personal attributes and comparisons with others; the relational self, which consists 72 / Journal of Marketing, September 2008 of traits related to…”

“Based on the above analyses, it is proposed that relationalism be added to the I/C binary to form a tripartite model, similar to the trichotomization of individual self, relational self, and collective self (Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“Researchers have identified three distinct self-concept orientations—individual, relational, and collectivist (Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“We clearly believe that there is a distinction in people’s thinking between the more relational aspects of their group membership versus the identity aspects of the group membership (Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”

“First, we theorize that social identification (the extent that individuals define themselves based on collective values and group characteristics; see Brewer & Gardner, 1986) will mediate the relationship between RLMX and job performance after controlling for perceptions of LMX.”

“Thus, other people become incorporated into individuals’ motives and self-regulatory strategies (Anderson & Chen, 2002; Brewer & Garner, 1996; Sedikides & Brewer, 2001).”

“As a consequence, we derive a great deal of our self-evaluation from such social identities (Brewer & Gardner, 1996) but in highly complex ways that depend on a dynamic interaction between the different feedback we receive (and, of course, how we further react to them).”

“personal and relational/social identity have been shown to have synergistic effects (Brewer and Gardner 1996; Epitropaki et al. 2017; Postmes and Jetten 2006), suggesting that the relationship between ethical leadership and ethical role model perception might vary under different conditions generated by the combinatio…”

“Research on identity orientations describes how individuals perceive their identities in relation to specific others and suggests that individuals’ self-evaluations are based on how well they fulfill their interpersonal roles with these specific others (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Brickson, 2005).”

“” When comparing the self-construal and self-categorization literatures, Brewer and Gardner (1996) note the contrast within each between two levels of social selves—those that derive from interpersonal relationships and those that derive from membership in larger, more impersonal collectives or social categories. Both…”

“To guarantee representativeness of the findings we relied on two techniques developed, tested, and refined by Walgrave and colleagues (van Aelst & Walgrave, 2001).”

“More specifically, Brewer and Gardner (1996) postulated that there are two different levels of ‘social selves’: a relational self and a collective self.”

“Such a priming procedure changed the proportion of interdependent self-construals (Brewer & Gardner, 1996) and resulted in a shift of world view toward collectivist or individualist social values after the interdependent and independent self-construal priming, respectively (Gardner et al., 1999),…”

“…in various domains have activated individuals’ independent self or interdependent self using a variety of priming techniques and report results paralleling that obtained in cross-country research (e.g., Brewer and Gardner 1996; Gardner, Gabriel, and Lee 1999; Kühnen, Hannover, Shah, et al. 2001).”

“…the SAD model contrasts with models in which two types of self-representation are assumed to exist, the personal self and the social self (e.g., Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Stapel & Koomen, 2001), where the former represents those aspects of the self that differentiate self from others and the…”

“…and relationships for group behavior (Allport, 1954), Swann et al. (2012) theorized that the development of close relational ties amongst ingroup members serves as a key mechanism motivating strongly fused persons to enact personally costly, pro-group behaviors (see also, Brewer & Gardner, 1996).”