Cited by 3,322Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionFlow Experience in Various FieldsAging and Gerontology Research

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Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.

Keyes, Corey L. M., Shmotkin, Dov, Ryff, Carol D.·2002·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007

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Abstract

Subjective well-being (SWB) is evaluation of life in terms of satisfaction and balance between positive and negative affect; psychological well-being (PWB) entails perception of engagement with existential challenges of life. The authors hypothesized that these research streams are conceptually related but empirically distinct and that combinations of them relate differentially to sociodemographics and personality. Data are from a national sample of 3,032 Americans aged 25-74. Factor analyses confirmed the related-but-distinct status of SWB and PWB. The probability of optimal well-being (high SWB and PWB) increased as age, education, extraversion, and conscientiousness increased and as neuroticism decreased. Compared with adults with higher SWB than PWB. adults with higher PWB than SWB were younger, had more education, and showed more openness to experience.

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Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Kramer, J., Boon, B. J. F., Smit, F., Riper, H. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2012) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.1791 · Cited by 18
“To examine differences between the two conditions, we will use multiple regression analyses with the clinical outcomes on continuous measures (MHC-SF, WHO-5, CES-D, and the vitality and general health scales from MOS SF-36) as dependent variables and an intervention-control group dummy as predictor variable.”
Influential
Perceived Social Support and Psychological Well-Being: Testing the Unique Association and Gender Differences among Young Working Adults
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Addressing Current Challenges in Cross-Cultural Measurement of Well-Being: The Pemberton Happiness Index
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“Although there are several components of social wellbeing (see Keyes 1998; Keyes et al. 2002), we selected two items that tap into the global feeling of living in a society that promotes optimal psychological functioning.”
Background
Mental Well-Being in Iran: The Importance of Comprehensive Well-Being in Understanding the Linkages of Personality and Values
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Investigating Psychological Well Being of University Students According to Lifestyles
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Sentido de Vida, Bem-Estar Psicológico e Qualidade de Vida em Professores Escolares
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“Wellbeing Scale (WBS; Ryﬀ and Keyes, 1995; Keyes et al., 2002).”
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“These two definitions of well-being have been proposed for a long time (Keyes et al., 2002; Ryan & Deci, 2001).”
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“of emotional, cognitive, and psychological wellbeing (Keyes et al., 2002).”
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“One’s coping strategies account for the extent to which a stressor could affect physical, psychological and behavioral outcomes (Keyes et al., 2002).”
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“Wellbeing is defined by two core concepts: (1) subjective wellbeing (also referred to as ‘hedonia’), consisting of positive affect and satisfaction with life, and (2) psychological wellbeing (also referred to as ‘eudaimonia’), consisting of attributes that enable realisation of human potential including autonomy, mast…”
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Older People’s Personal Strengths During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic
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“Keyes, Shmotkin and Ryff [43] have explained them as follows: Selfacceptance is being satisfied and happy with yourself even if you are aware of your limits and having positive feelings about your past.”
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The ABC of happiness: Validation of the tridimensional model of subjective well-being (affect, cognition, and behavior) using Bifactor Polytomous Multidimensional Item Response Theory
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Perceiving the self as authentic on social media precedes fewer mental health symptoms: A longitudinal approach
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Characterization of Wellbeing and its Relationship with Exposure to Violence in Mexican and Chilean Early and Late Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Side effects of academic engagement? How boys’ and girls’ well-being is related to their engagement and motivational regulation
Kessels, U., & Houtte, M. V. (2021) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540253.2021.2011840 · Cited by 31
“Subjective well-being was measured by asking students how often they had felt certain positive and negative feelings in the past 30 days, on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 = never to 4 = very often (Keyes, Shmotkin, and Ryff 2002).”
BackgroundMethod
Effect of hope therapy on psychological well-being of women after abortion: a randomized controlled trial
Raphi, F., Bani, S., Farvareshi, M., Hasanpour, S., & Mirghafourvand‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬, M. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03600-9 · Cited by 17
“” Psychological well-being requires an understanding of the existential challenges of life, one of which is abortion [14, 15].”
Background
The Role of the Sense of Belonging During the Alarm Situation and Return to the New Normality of the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain
Galdós, J. S., González‐Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M. Á., Abad, A., Salazar, M., & Muñoz, M. (2021) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-021-00612-z · Cited by 17
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“Eudaimonic well-being, as conceived by psychologists (Keyes et al., 2002; Ryan & Deci, 2001), stems from a variety of intellectual traditions (reviewed by Ryff, 2014; Ryff & Singer, 2008), beginning with Aristotelian ethics and later incorporating psychological concepts including individuation (Jung, 1933), personal d…”
Background
A narrative exploration of an adapted physical activity space and its impact on persons with physical impairments
Richardson, E. V., & Motl, R. (2020) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2019.1617111 · Cited by 19
“This is akin to the hedonic tradition of well-being where individuals pursue happiness, pleasure and a ‘good life’ (Keyes, Shmotkin, and Ryff 2002).”
Background
Adaptation of Positive Mental Health Scale into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study
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Happiness in early childhood
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A narrative exploration of the evolving perception of exercise among people with multiple sclerosis
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“…from the field of psychology, what participants described with regards to their exercise experiences can be interpreted through the hedonistic lens of well-being; that is, well-being is about pursuing happiness to obtain what is perceived as a ‘good life’ (Keyes, Shmotkin, and Ryff 2002).”
Background
Qualidade de vida, Bem-estar e Felicidade no Trabalho: sinônimos ou conceitos que se diferenciam?
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Metacognitive Skills, Academic Success and Exam Anxiety as the Predictors of Psychological Well-being
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Self-Acceptance and Happiness
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Gaslighting Experience, Psychological Health, and Well-being: The Role of Self-Compassion and Social Support
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“In this vein (Keyes et al., 2002; Ryff & Keyes, 1995), psychological well-being is composed of six dimensions concerning self-acceptance, positive interpersonal relationships, autonomy in thought and action, environmental control, personal growth, and the pursuit of meaningful goals and purpose in…”
Distinct associations between gratitude, self-esteem, and optimism with subjective and psychological well-being among Japanese individuals
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“It involves the individual’s ability to fully utilize potential and self-actualize, as well as perceiving life experiences as valuable, even in the face of challenging circumstances (Keyes et al., 2002).”

Authors: Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D.
Affiliations: Emory University (US)
Tel Aviv University (IL)
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
ORCID: Keyes, Corey L. M.
Shmotkin, Dov
Ryff, Carol D.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2002-06
Volume: 82
Issue: 6
Pages: 1007-1022
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
OpenAlex: W2106343304
Cited by: 3,322
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 93 · 2025: 178 · 2024: 203 · 2023: 254 · 2022: 268 · 2021: 233 · 2020: 255 · 2019: 202 · 2018: 146 · 2017: 193 · 2016: 148 · 2015: 159 · 2014: 179 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 146
FWCI: 33.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Keywords: subjective well-being, psychological well-being, positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction, personality traits, sociodemographic differences, age, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Aged, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Personality, Discriminant Analysis

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Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.

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