Cited by 3,322Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionFlow Experience in Various FieldsAging and Gerontology Research

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Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.

Keyes, Corey L. M., Shmotkin, Dov, Ryff, Carol D.·2002·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007

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Abstract

Subjective well-being (SWB) is evaluation of life in terms of satisfaction and balance between positive and negative affect; psychological well-being (PWB) entails perception of engagement with existential challenges of life. The authors hypothesized that these research streams are conceptually related but empirically distinct and that combinations of them relate differentially to sociodemographics and personality. Data are from a national sample of 3,032 Americans aged 25-74. Factor analyses confirmed the related-but-distinct status of SWB and PWB. The probability of optimal well-being (high SWB and PWB) increased as age, education, extraversion, and conscientiousness increased and as neuroticism decreased. Compared with adults with higher SWB than PWB. adults with higher PWB than SWB were younger, had more education, and showed more openness to experience.

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Discovering Psychological Well-Being: A Bibliometric Review
Yiğit, B., & Çakmak, B. Y. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00754-7 · Cited by 51
“However, from the early 2000s onward, discussions expanded to encompass topics rooted in assessing psychological well-being through positive functionality, such as life satisfaction and quality of life (Keyes et al., 2002; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000).”
How distinct are eudaimonia and hedonia? It depends on how they are measured
Huta, V. (2020) · Journal of Well-Being Assessment · doi:10.1007/s41543-021-00046-4 · Cited by 49
Síndrome de burnout en los profesionales de cuidados intensivos: relaciones con la salud y el bienestar
Arrogante, Ó., & Aparicio-Zaldívar, E. G. (2019) · Enfermería Intensiva · doi:10.1016/j.enfi.2019.03.004 · Cited by 62
Subjective well-being key elements of Successful Aging: A study with Lifelong Learners older adults from Costa Rica and Spain.
Blanco-Molina, M., Pinazo-hernandis, S., & Tomás, J. (2019) · Archives of gerontology and geriatrics (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.06.002 · Cited by 32
The role of ethical leadership in employee psychological well-being (Case study: Golsar Fars Company)
Teimouri, H., Hosseini, S. H., & Ardeshiri, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2018.1424063 · Cited by 40
Effect of Group Logotherapy on Life Expectancy and Mental and Social Wellbeing of The Female Elderly Residents of Nursing Homes in Dubai
Saffarinia, M., & Dortaj, A. (2018) · Salmand · doi:10.21859/sija.12.4.482 · Cited by 32
Estructura factorial de las Escalas de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff en estudiantes universitarios
Freire, C., Ferradás, M. D. M., Núñez, J., & Valle, A. (2017) · doi:10.1016/j.ejeps.2016.10.001 · Cited by 32
Teachers’ psychological well-being: a comparison among teachers in U.S.A., Turkey and Pakistan
Özü, Ö., Zepeda, S., Ilgan, A., Jimenez, A. M., Ata, A., & Akram, M. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/14623730.2017.1326397 · Cited by 32
The Science of Wellbeing and Positive Psychology
Oades, L. G., & Mossman, L. H. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316339275.003 · Cited by 48
Personal growth Initiative among Undergraduate Students in Relation to Emotional Self-efficacy and General Well-being
Beri, N., & Jain, M. (2016) · Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities · doi:10.21659/rupkatha.v8n2.05 · Cited by 32
Regulação emocional, bem-estar psicológico e bem-estar subjetivo
Santana, V. S., & Gondim, S. M. G. (2016) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.5935/1678-4669.20160007 · Cited by 47
“…para medir o bem-estar psicológico, por meio de seis componentes considerados importantes para o funcionamento humano saudável: auto-aceitação, relações positivas com os outros, crescimento pessoal, propósito na vida, o domínio com ambiente e autonomia (Keyes et al, 2002; Ryff & Keyes, 1995).”
Background
Importance of workplace relationships and attitudes toward organizational change in engineering asset-management organizations
Xerri, M. J., Nelson, S., & Brunetto, Y. (2015) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000306 · Cited by 32
Internalized mental illness stigma and subjective well-being: The mediating role of psychological well-being
Pérez‐Garín, D., Molero, F. J., & Bos, A. E. R. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.029 · Cited by 40
“Keyes et al. (2002) found that, although both types of well-being were highly correlated, their constituent components loaded on two different factors.”
Background
Meaning as inter-connectedness: theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence
Fave, A. D., & Soosai-Nathan, L. (2014) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2014.904090 · Cited by 38
Toward a Theoretical Foundation for Positive Psychology in Practice
Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939338.ch42 · Cited by 50
Modeling the Post-9/11 Meaning-Laden Paradox: From Deep Connection and Deep Struggle to Posttraumatic Stress and Growth
Ai, A. L., Tice, T. N., Lemieux, C. M., & Huang, B. (2011) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/157361211x575736 · Cited by 38
COMMENTARIES on "Does the Positive Psychology Movement Have Legs?"
Campos, J. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1402_03 · Cited by 29
Clarifying concepts: “Well-being” in sport
Trainor, L. R., & Bundon, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1256490 · Cited by 34
Impact of psychological capital on mental health, readiness for organizational change, and job insecurity: hotel employees’ perspective in COVID-19
Al-Ghazali, B. M., & Afsar, B. (2022) · Journal of Tourism Futures · doi:10.1108/jtf-07-2020-0116 · Cited by 34
Social distancing and wellbeing: conceptualizing actor distance and actor safe zone for pandemics
Finsterwalder, J. (2020) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2020.1841753 · Cited by 42
Cultural Models of Well-Being Implicit in Four Ghanaian Languages
Tutu, A. O., Dzokoto, V. A. A., Affram, A. A., Adams, G., Norberg, J., & Doosje, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01798 · Cited by 42
“As a result, hegemonic conceptions of well-being “reﬂect largely Western and, possibly, middle-and upper class characterizations of what it means to live a full and satisfying life” (Keyes et al., 2002: pg. 1019).”
In the eyes of others: Loneliness and relational meaning in life among Japanese college students
Silva, C. O. (2020) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461519899757 · Cited by 59
Exploring Diener’s Multidimensional Conceptualization of Well-Being Through Network Psychometrics
Giuntoli, L., & Vidotto, G. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120916864 · Cited by 44
Subjective well-being among the elderly: A bibliometric analysis
Dominko, M., & Verbič, M. (2018) · Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology · doi:10.1007/s11135-018-0811-9 · Cited by 31
Construct Validity of Scores From the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale in a Sample of Postsecondary Students With Disabilities
Perera, H. N., & Ganguly, R. (2018) · Assessment (Odessa, Fla.) · doi:10.1177/1073191116646444 · Cited by 31
Employee perceptions of well-being and organizational wellness offerings: A study of line-level employees in select-service hotels
Gordon, S. E., & Adler, H. (2017) · Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism · doi:10.1080/15332845.2017.1253443 · Cited by 34
Factor structure of mental well-being: Contributions of exploratory structural equation modeling
Joshanloo, M., Bobowik, M., & Basabe, N. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.060 · Cited by 31
Eficacia de una intervención en psicología positiva combinada con terapia cognitivo conductual en estudiantes universitarios
Marrero, R. J., Abella, M. C., Martín, S., Mejías, M., & Hernandez-Cabrera, J. A. (2016) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.32.3.261661 · Cited by 36
Well-Being: Objectivism, Subjectivism or Sobjectivism?
MacLeod, A. K. (2014) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9561-0 · Cited by 38
“It is no surprise that the scales of PWB correlate as highly with those of SWB as they do with each other (for example, taking correlations reported by Keyes et al. (2002) the PWB scales correlate on average r = .34 with each other and r = .32 with the measures of SWB).”
Method
The Good Life, Broadly and Narrowly Considered
King, L. A., Eells, J. E., & Burton, C. M. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939338.ch3 · Cited by 48
Required, practical, or unnecessary? An examination and demonstration of propensity score matching using longitudinal secondary data
Padgett, R. D., Salisbury, M. H., An, B. P., & Pascarella, E. T. (2010) · New Directions for Institutional Research · doi:10.1002/ir.370 · Cited by 25
Seeing the Forest and the Trees: Using Dynamic Systems Theory to Understand “Stress and Coping” and “Trauma and Resilience”
Keenan, E. K. (2010) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2010.494947 · Cited by 34
“In addition to diagnostic manuals, resilience and well-being are often described in a global, dichotomous manner throughout theory and research literatures ( Harvey, 2007 ; Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002 ).”
Background
Positive coaching with frontline managers: Enhancing their effectiveness and understanding why
Yu, N., Collins, C. G., Cavanagh, M. J., White, K., & Fairbrother, G. (2008) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2008.3.2.110 · Cited by 28
Relationship of social role quality to psychological well-being in women with rheumatoid arthritis.
Plach, S., Heidrich, S., & Waite, R. M. (2003) · Research in Nursing and Health · doi:10.1002/nur.10087 · Cited by 31
Finding ikigai: How robots can support meaning in later life
Randall, N., Joshi, S., Kamino, W., Hsu, L.-J., Agnihotri, A., Li, G., Williamson, D. S., Tsui, K., & Šabanović, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2022.1011327 · Cited by 27
“People who have high degrees of both hedonia and eudaimonia experience higher levels of well-being and mental health than those who pursue only one type (Keyes et al., 2002; Huta and Ryan, 2010; Anic and Tončić, 2013).”
Background
Lower Avoidant Coping Mediates the Relationship of Emotional Intelligence With Well-Being and Ill-Being
MacCann, C., Double, K. S., & Clarke, I. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.835819 · Cited by 44
Cat-human related activities associated with human well-being
Ravenscroft, S. J., Barcelos, A. M., & Mills, D. S. (2021) · Human-animal interaction bulletin · doi:10.1079/hai.2021.0006 · Cited by 29
“, 2019), which is often associated with life satisfaction to form subjective well-being (Keyes et al., 2002).”
Background
Grit: A unique protective factor of coaches well-being and burnout?
Moen, F., & Olsen, M. (2020) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2020.100794 · Cited by 35
Psychometric Properties of the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) in the Iranian Older Adults
Mavali, S., Mahmoodi, H., Sarbakhsh, P., & Shaghaghi, A. (2020) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s256323 · Cited by 30
Longitudinal associations between subjective and psychological well-being in Japan: A four-year cross-lagged panel study
Joshanloo, M. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.033 · Cited by 33
Spirituality in the Lives of Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease: A Systematic Review
Al-ghabeesh, S., Alshraifeen, A., Saifan, A., Bashayreh, I., Alnuaimi, K., & Masalha, H. A. (2018) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0622-2 · Cited by 30
“psychological well-being, social and subjective well-being (Keyes et al. 2002).”
The Subjective Assessment of Accomplishment and Positive Relationships: Initial Validation and Correlative and Experimental Evidence for Their Association with Well-Being
Gander, F., Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9751-z · Cited by 39
Leisure activities, optimism, and personal growth among the young-old, old-old, and oldest-old
Heo, J., Chun, S., Kim, B., Ryu, J., & Lee, Y. (2017) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2017.1289457 · Cited by 33
Predictors of psychological well-being and stress among Jordanian menopausal women
Abdelrahman, R. Y., Abushaikha, L. A., & Al-Motlaq, M. (2014) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0464-z · Cited by 30
“Similarly, lower educational level for women and their husbands negatively associated with their purpose in life, confirming results of a previous study [31].”
BackgroundResult
Subjective quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities: the role of emotional competence on their subjective well-being.
Rey, L., Extremera, N., Durán, A., & Ortiz-Tallo, M. (2013) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12015 · Cited by 30
La estructura del bienestar: el encuentro empírico de tres tradiciones
Díaz, D., Blanco, A., & Durán, M. (2011) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1174/021347411797361266 · Cited by 30
“Autores tan significativos en este terreno como Corey Keyes y Carol Ryff han utilizado el constructo bienestar subjetivo como principal representante de la tradición hedónica, y el de bienestar psicológico como representante de la tradición eudaemónica (Keyes et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Well-being during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: a longitudinal analysis
Smith-Dijulio, K., Woods, N., & Mitchell, E. (2008) · Menopause · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181728451 · Cited by 30
Bienestar Subjetivo y Satisfacción Vital del Profesorado
Campos, E., González, A., & Jacott, L. (2018) · REICE Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad Eficacia y Cambio en Educación · doi:10.15366/reice2018.16.1.007 · Cited by 30
Complex trauma in childhood, a psychiatric diagnosis in adulthood: Making meaning of a double-edged phenomenon.
McCormack, L., & Thomson, S. (2017) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000193 · Cited by 29
Psychological capital, quality of life, and well-being in mother caregivers of individuals with down syndrome
Chiracu, A., Cosma, G., Stepan, A., Cosma, M., Corlaci, I., Călugăru, E. D. C., Voinea, F., Zăvăleanu, M., Burileanu, H. A., & Avramescu, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1145104 · Cited by 29
“By self-acceptance, people try to feel good about themselves, while good relationships with others and the ability to love are characteristics of positive mental activity and mental health (Keyes et al., 2002).”
Background

Authors: Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D.
Affiliations: Emory University (US)
Tel Aviv University (IL)
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
ORCID: Keyes, Corey L. M.
Shmotkin, Dov
Ryff, Carol D.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2002-06
Volume: 82
Issue: 6
Pages: 1007-1022
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
OpenAlex: W2106343304
Cited by: 3,322
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 93 · 2025: 178 · 2024: 203 · 2023: 254 · 2022: 268 · 2021: 233 · 2020: 255 · 2019: 202 · 2018: 146 · 2017: 193 · 2016: 148 · 2015: 159 · 2014: 179 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 146
FWCI: 33.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Keywords: subjective well-being, psychological well-being, positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction, personality traits, sociodemographic differences, age, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Aged, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Personality, Discriminant Analysis

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Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.

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