Cited by 3,322Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionFlow Experience in Various FieldsAging and Gerontology Research

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Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.

Keyes, Corey L. M., Shmotkin, Dov, Ryff, Carol D.·2002·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007

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Abstract

Subjective well-being (SWB) is evaluation of life in terms of satisfaction and balance between positive and negative affect; psychological well-being (PWB) entails perception of engagement with existential challenges of life. The authors hypothesized that these research streams are conceptually related but empirically distinct and that combinations of them relate differentially to sociodemographics and personality. Data are from a national sample of 3,032 Americans aged 25-74. Factor analyses confirmed the related-but-distinct status of SWB and PWB. The probability of optimal well-being (high SWB and PWB) increased as age, education, extraversion, and conscientiousness increased and as neuroticism decreased. Compared with adults with higher SWB than PWB. adults with higher PWB than SWB were younger, had more education, and showed more openness to experience.

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“cated with confirmatory factor analyses (Keyes et al., 2002).”
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“adulthood, but for purposes of measurement we can rely on an overlapping consensus within a given community about what it means to function well as an adult (Keyes et al. 2002).”
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“…939–946 0022-006X/07/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.6.939 939 there are various definitions of well-being, one of the most clearly articulated and comprehensive models identifies two overarching latent constructs, psychological well-being (PWB) and subjective well-being (SWB; Keyes et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Toward a Positive Psychology of Immigrants
Cobb, C. L., Branscombe, N. R., Meca, A., Schwartz, S. J., Xie, D., Zea, M. C., Molina, L. E., & Martínez, C. R. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619825848 · Cited by 104
The Happy-Productive Worker Model and Beyond: Patterns of Wellbeing and Performance at Work
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Good Barrels Yield Healthy Apples: Organizational Ethics as a Mechanism for Mitigating Work-Related Stress and Promoting Employee Well-Being
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The price of success: balancing the effects of entrepreneurial commitment, work-family conflict and emotional exhaustion on job satisfaction
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“Well-being refers to a stable state of feeling well and being satisfied (Abele and Spurk 2009) that can be either subjective (Linley et al. 2009) or psychological (Keyes et al. 2002).”
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Psychological well-being, depression, and anxiety in Japanese university students
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“As different aspects of well-being, researches have proved the association between SWB and PWB.([21,24]) However, as the definition of mental health has gradually shifted from the absence of negative affectivity, including depression and anxiety, to the presence of positive affectivity, research interest on how these…”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychological Well-Being and Metabolic Syndrome
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“Although hedonic and eudaimonic well-beingmeasures are moderately correlated, they have previously demonstrated unique associations with central and peripheral health outcomes (4,6,13,23).”
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Insulator condition analysis for overhead distribution lines using combined wavelet support vector machine (SVM)
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“The proposed technique employs Video Surveillance (VS) to automate the monitoring of health condition of insulators, also known as well-being analysis in power system parlance [5-8].”
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Neural correlates of posttraumatic growth after severe motor vehicle accidents.
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“and developing as a person, and establishing quality ties to others ( Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002 ).”
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The age and well-being “paradox”: a longitudinal and multidimensional reconsideration
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“Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on specific subcomponents tend to show accelerating decline in later life for sense of control and purpose in life (Keyes et al. 2002; Mackenzie et al. 2018; Pinquart 2002; Ross & Mirowsky 2002) but a stable or increasing sense of personal meaning (Steger et al.”
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The United States Economic Crisis: Young Adults’ Reports of Economic Pressures, Financial and Religious Coping and Psychological Well-Being
Stein, C. H., Hoffmann, E. A., Bonar, E. E., Leith, J. E., Abraham, K. M., Hamill, A. C., Kraus, S. W., Gumber, S., & Fogo, W. R. (2012) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-012-9328-x · Cited by 72
The Structure of Psychological Well-Being in Cultural Context: Towards a Hierarchical Model of Psychological Health
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Keep Calm and Be Happy: A Mixed Method Study from Character Strengths to Well-being
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Does Partner Responsiveness Predict Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well‐being? A 10‐Year Longitudinal Study
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“…diverse backgrounds have indicated that although eudaimonic and hedonic well-being are positively correlated, variation in these constructs is most parsimoniously represented as two separate factors as opposed to a single overarching factor (Gallagher, Lopez, & Preacher, 2009; Keyes et al., 2002).”
Influential
Generalized Self-efficacy and Well-being in Adolescents with High vs. Low Scholastic Self-efficacy
Caroli, M. E. D., & Sagone, E. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.152 · Cited by 88
A prospective study of volunteerism and hypertension risk in older adults.
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Growing at Work: Employees' Interpretations of Progressive Self-Change in Organizations
Sonenshein, S. B., Dutton, J. E., Grant, A. M., Spreitzer, G. M., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2012) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1120.0749 · Cited by 89
“Researchers also find that a sense of growth contributes to psychological well-being (Keyes et al. 2002) by providing structure and meaning to experiences (Carstensen and Charles 1998, Davis et al. 1998, McAdams 2001) and valuable self-knowledge that enhances the ability to function in, and adapt…”
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A New Approach to Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
Rafique, S., Sterling, E. W., & Nelson, L. M. (2012) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2012.09.007 · Cited by 89
“Wellness includes such things as pursuing meaningful goals, growing and developing as a person, and establishing quality ties to others.(69) There”
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Sticking It Out
Patel, P. C., & Thatcher, S. M. B. (2012) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206312446643 · Cited by 113
Transcending the gender dichotomy in educational gender gap research: The association between gender identity and academic self-efficacy
Vantieghem, W., Vermeersch, H., & Houtte, M. V. (2014) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.10.001 · Cited by 78
The Role of Proactive Coping Strategies, Time Perspective, Perceived Efficacy on Affect Regulation, Divergent Thinking and Family Communication in Promoting Social Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood
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The Psychological Well-Being—Post-Traumatic Changes Questionnaire (PWB-PTCQ): Reliability and validity.
Joseph, S., Maltby, J., Wood, A. M., Stockton, H., Hunt, N. C., & Regel, S. (2011) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0024740 · Cited by 109
Meaning in life in palliative care patients.
Fegg, M., Brandstätter, M., Kramer, M., Kögler, M., Haarmann-Doetkotte, S., & Borasio, G. D. (2010) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.02.010 · Cited by 78
Acceptance and commitment therapy and subjective wellbeing: A systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials in adults
Stenhoff, A., Steadman, L., Nevitt, S., Benson, L., & White, R. G. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.08.008 · Cited by 77
Conceptual approaches to wellbeing in buildings: a scoping review
Hanc, M.-L., McAndrew, C., & Ucci, M. (2018) · Building Research & Information · doi:10.1080/09613218.2018.1513695 · Cited by 92
“Lamb et al. (2014) used the 1935 Stroop Test, while Fostervold and Nersveen (2008) used tests to measure ‘Basic information processing skills’, as well as ‘the ability of individuals to maintain visuo-cognitive alertness for an extended period of time’ (p.”
Method
Would you choose to be happy? Tradeoffs between happiness and the other dimensions of life in a large population survey
Adler, M. D., Dolan, P., & Kavetsos, G. (2017) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.05.006 · Cited by 105
“They have also been shown to have different determinants (Keyes et al., 2002; White and Dolan, 2009).”
A new propensity to trust scale and its relationship with individual well‐being: implications for HRM policies and practices
Ashleigh, M., Higgs, M. J., & Dulewicz, V. (2012) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12007 · Cited by 64
The contribution of diversity to happiness research
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“Socio-demographic features, age and personality factors also influence the prominence of eudaimonic PWB on hedonic SWB (Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002 ).”
Background
Defining, measuring, and applying subjective well-being.
Magyar, J. L., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2019) · Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (2nd ed.). · doi:10.1037/0000138-025 · Cited by 77
Self-citation
Taking Stock of Happiness and Meaning in Everyday Life
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“Previous research has examined the relationship between meaning and happiness on the global level (Compton et al., 1996; Keyes et al., 2002; McGregor & Little, 1998) or the daily level (King, Hicks, Krull, & Del Gaiso, 2006; Machell, Kashdan, Short, & Nezlek, 2015) and has shown that a moderate…”
Background
Psychological capital in sport organizations: Hope, Efficacy, Resilience, and Optimism among Employees in Sport (HEROES)
Kim, M., Perrewé, P. L., Kim, Y., & Kim, A. C. H. (2017) · European Sport Management Quarterly · doi:10.1080/16184742.2017.1344284 · Cited by 83
Enhancing relationship quality measurement: The development of the Relationship Flourishing Scale.
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A genetic perspective on the relationship between eudaimonic –and hedonic well-being
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Cohort Effect on Well-Being: The Legacy of Economic Hard Times
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A Multidimensional Look at Religious Involvement and Psychological Well-Being Among Urban Elderly African Americans.
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“Conversely, psychological well-being, grounded in the eudaimonic perspective, encompasses dimensions such as self-actualization, personal development, and harmonious relations with the environment (Ryff, 1989; Keyes et al., 2002).”
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Dimensions of Mindfulness and Their Relations with Psychological Well-Being and Neuroticism
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“On the other hand, PWB is defined as the Bperception of engagement with existential challenges of life^ (Keyes et al. 2002, p. 1007), and it refers to one’s sense of growth and human fulfillment, to how people strive to realize their true potential (Ryff 2014).”
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Should we all just stay home? Travel, out-of-home activities, and life satisfaction
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The bright side of migration: Hedonic, psychological, and social well-being in immigrants in Spain
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“More importantly, empirical evidence suggests a substantial overlap between hedonic and psychological well-being (Burns and Machin, 2009; Keyes et al., 2002).”
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Predicting Well-Being Among the Elderly: The Role of Coping Strategies
Galiana, L., Tomás, J., Fernández, I., & Oliver, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00616 · Cited by 73
The Investigation of Gender Differences in Subjective Wellbeing in Children and Adolescents: The UP&DOWN Study
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Flourishing is Associated with Achievement Goal Orientations and Academic Delay of Gratification in a Collectivist Context
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Authors: Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D.
Affiliations: Emory University (US)
Tel Aviv University (IL)
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
ORCID: Keyes, Corey L. M.
Shmotkin, Dov
Ryff, Carol D.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2002-06
Volume: 82
Issue: 6
Pages: 1007-1022
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
OpenAlex: W2106343304
Cited by: 3,322
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 93 · 2025: 178 · 2024: 203 · 2023: 254 · 2022: 268 · 2021: 233 · 2020: 255 · 2019: 202 · 2018: 146 · 2017: 193 · 2016: 148 · 2015: 159 · 2014: 179 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 146
FWCI: 33.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Keywords: subjective well-being, psychological well-being, positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction, personality traits, sociodemographic differences, age, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Aged, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Personality, Discriminant Analysis

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Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.

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