Cited by 1,381Health disparities and outcomesResilience and Mental HealthPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

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Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women.

Hobfoll, Stevan E., Johnson, Robert J., Ennis, Nicole, Jackson, Anita P.·2003·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.632

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Abstract

The authors examined a dynamic conceptualization of stress by investigating how economic stress, measured in terms of material loss, alters women's personal and social resources and how these changed resources impact anger and depressive mood. Resource change in women's mastery and social support over 9 months was significantly associated with changes in depressive mood and anger among 714 inner city women. Greater loss of mastery and social support was associated with increased depressive mood and anger. Loss of mastery and social support also mediated the impact of material loss on depressive mood and anger. Resource loss and worsening economic circumstances had more negative impact than resource gain and improving economic circumstances had positive impact, suggesting the greater saliency of loss than gain.

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“Personal resources encompass those aspects of the self that are typically associated with resilience [19].”
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Chen, S., Zhang, L., & Li, M. (2025) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2025.2463941 · Cited by 6
“Among those factors, personal resources, referring to an individual’s ability to affect the surroundings successfully and are linked to resilience (hobfoll et al., 2003), contribute to job outcomes.”
Fostering resilience and commitment among volunteers: the role of job demands and autonomy
Schwarz, S. M., Schwarz, G., Jiang, Z., Miao, Q., & Newman, A. (2025) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2025.2513491 · Cited by 8
“Exposure to hindrances can also foster resilience (LePine, Podsakoff, and LePine 2005) because overcoming moderate adversities increases coping efficacy that underlies resilience (Hobfoll et al. 2003).”
Analyzing the Relationship Between Job Demands, Job Resources, and Personal Resources on Employee Engagement and Exhaustion of Juvenile Probation/Parole Officers
Chavarria, D. E. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/9112046 · Cited by 5
“Hobfoll et al. (2003) noted that personal resources are “aspects of the 26 self that are generally tied to resiliency and refer to individuals’ sense of their ability to control and impact upon their environment successfully” (p. 632).”
Background
The moderating role of personal resources in the relationship between job demands and work engagement
Chen, I.-S. (2021) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi200707007c · Cited by 5
Correlates of post-traumatic stress among victimized women on probation and parole
Prost, S. G., Golder, S., Higgins, G. E., Pettus‐Davis, C., Renn, T., Edmond, T. E., & Logan, T. (2021) · Probation Journal · doi:10.1177/02645505211032171 · Cited by 5
“Twenty-two items from the Conservation of Resources Evaluation were used to assess perception of loss in transportation, adequate clothing, housing that met their needs, adequate food, stable or adequate employment, essentials for children, emergency savings, and medical insurance (Hobfoll et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethod
Self-Reliance in Disaster Recovery: A Systematic Literature Review 1990–2019
Oloruntoba, R., & Asare‐Doku, W. (2021) · International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters · doi:10.1177/028072702103900102 · Cited by 8
“They are subjective attributes that are often associated with resilience (Hobfoll et al. 2003).”
Background
A Soft Systems Approach to Knowledge Worker Productivity: A Purposeful Activity Model for the Individual
Óskarsdóttir, H. G., Oddsson, G. V., Sturluson, J. Þ., & Sæmundsson, R. J. (2021) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci11040110 · Cited by 7
“Hobfoll et al. (2003) defined personal resources as aspects of the self that are generally linked to resiliency.”
Background
Transforming the Emotional Intelligence of the Feeders in Agribusinesses into the Development of Task Performance and Counterproductive Work Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Huang, S. Y. B., Li, M.-W., & Lee, Y. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11113124 · Cited by 8
ENGAGEMENT, SPIRITUALITY, AND THRIVING AT WORK AMONG NURSES
mohamed, T. R., Sharaf, S., & Sleem, W. (2021) · Port Said Scientific Journal of Nursing · doi:10.21608/pssjn.2022.82651.1119 · Cited by 5
Stressors or facilitators? Exploring the factors that impact police officers' abilities to respond to disablist hate crime
Tyson, J. (2022) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-10-2021-0145 · Cited by 5
Factors Predicting Post-Traumatic Positive and Negative Psychological Changes Experienced by Nurses during a Pandemic COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study
Nowicki, G., Ślusarska, B. J., Zboina, B., Jędrzejewska, A., & Kotus, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19127073 · Cited by 4
“Personal resources are generally regarded as qualities that are valued by a person and are able to improve their effective functioning in terms of control and impact on the environment [23].”
Background
Health indicators and poor health dynamics during COVID-19 pandemic
Oyenubi, A., Nwosu, C. O., & Kollamparambil, U. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03425-z · Cited by 5
“Therefore reduced wellbeing in a specific context depends on how one’s resource is perceived to have contracted (Hobfoll, 2010; Hobfoll et al., 2003).”
Revealing the practical strategies for promoting Chinese migrant workers' health and well‐being: Organizational empowerment perspective
Zhou, X., Sun, N., Zhao, X., Wang, L., & Tong, R. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12428 · Cited by 5
Fear of Covid-19 and perceived academic safety: the buffering role of personal resources
Azila-Gbettor, E. M., Mensah, C., & Agbodza, M. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-04-2022-0159 · Cited by 6
The Mechanisms of How Narcissistic Duality Traits Influence on College Student’s Organizational Citizenship Behavior from an Impression Management Perspective
Liao, S., Zeng, J., & Wei, L. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s413872 · Cited by 6
How does social support affect subjective well-being among Chinese widowed older adults?
Zhang, J., Cao, F., & Yang, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1352585 · Cited by 7
Empowering innovative work behaviors: unfolding the contextual, personal and behavioral spectrum
Mehboob, F., & Haque, R. (2024) · Journal of Asia Business Studies · doi:10.1108/jabs-09-2023-0380 · Cited by 7
The effects of mindfulness and psychological capital on reducing worker stress and promoting health
Sánchez‐Cardona, I., Sardiñas, L. M., Rivera-Colón, E. A., Alamo, C. V., Moore, B. A., & Sánchez-Cesareo, M. (2024) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2024.2425431 · Cited by 8
“Personal resources (i.e., positive self-evaluations, hope, optimism, and self-efficacy) are linked to resiliency and enable individuals to feel positive control and impact on their environment (Hobfoll et al., 2003; Xanthopoulou et al., 2007).”
The Role and Development of Psychological Capital in the Context of Academia
Kugler, S., Kuonath, A., Mausz, I., & Frey, D. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-025-00230-4 · Cited by 9
“Personal resources are defined as positive self-evaluations that refer to individuals’ sense of ability to control and impact their environment successfully (Hobfoll et al., 2003).”
The dispositional and learned behavior prediction of political skill dimensions and how political skill affects the stress process
Meurs, J. A. (2008) · Cited by 5
Sinnstiftung als persönliche Ressource bei Altenpflegekräften
Wassermann, M., Hoppe, A., Reis, D., & von Uthmann, L. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O · doi:10.1026/0932-4089/a000142 · Cited by 5
Challenges with hypertension self-care among survivors of adverse childhood experiences
Alvarez, C., Andrade, N., Bhattarai, J., Okyere, R., & Cooper, L. A. (2022) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100065 · Cited by 7
“Results from this study align with stress process frameworks (Hobfoll et al., 2003; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987; Pearlin et al., 1981), where ACE survivors were more likely to be depressed, report maladaptive coping strategies, and have less positive attitudes about self-care.”
Personality and resilience: Enhancing well-being and reducing negative emotions among working mothers
İrak, D. U., Bozkurt, F., & Kurşun, İ. B. (2022) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2022.2114910 · Cited by 5
“In this study, parallel with Hobfoll’s (1989) COR theory and Belsky’s Process Model (1984), it was expected that certain personality traits promote resistance to stress and increase well-being in mothers (Hobfoll et al., 2003).”
Method
Bringing contribution–receipt (im)balance to team–member exchange research: A moderated mediation model
Liu, X., Zhang, Y. E., Chen, W., Li, W., & Ni, D. (2022) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2686 · Cited by 6

Authors: Hobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A. P.
Affiliations: Kent State University (US)
ORCID: Hobfoll, Stevan E.
Johnson, Robert J.
Ennis, Nicole
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2003
Volume: 84
Issue: 3
Pages: 632-643
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.632
OpenAlex: W1997682147
Cited by: 1,381
References: 75
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 49
FWCI: 13.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2006-07-10)
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: financial stress, material loss, resource loss, resource gain, mastery, social support, depressive mood, anger, inner-city women, emotional outcomes, mediation, economic conditions
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Anger, Depression, Female, Humans, Income, Internal-External Control, Models, Psychological, Poverty, Prospective Studies, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, United States, Women, Multivariate Analysis

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Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women.

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