Cited by 1,970Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMemory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and Influences

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Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987.

Bornstein, Robert F.·1989·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265

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Abstract

L'auteur analyse les effets de variables methodologiques (type et complexite du stimulus, intervalle de presentation, temps d'exposition) et de variables subjectives (âge d'exposition, personnalite) sur la sensibilite du sujet aux stimulus de toutes sortes. Il conclut sur l'interet methodologique de sa recherche, ainsi que sur ses apports pratiques (publicite, traitement de la phobie)

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Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265

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Crossing boundaries: toward a general model of neuroaesthetics
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“For example, does the often reported mere-exposure effect (Zajonc, 1968) hold true for all types of sensory objects categories (Bornstein, 1989)?”
Background
I like what I know: Is recognition a non-compensatory determiner of consumer choice?
Oeusoonthornwattana, O., & Shanks, D. R. (2010) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500003545 · Cited by 31
Do Web Users Care About Banner Ads Anymore? The Effects of Frequency and Clutter in Web Advertising
Lee, S. Y., & Cho, Y. (2010) · Journal of Promotion Management · doi:10.1080/10496490903582594 · Cited by 41
“A meta-analysis performed by Bornstein (1989) indicated that the mere exposure effect is a “robust” phenomenon in human cognition and that preferences could be formed without conscious awareness of preference-formation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The elusive sources of legitimacy beliefs: Civil society views of international election observers
Nielson, D., Hyde, S., & Kelley, J. G. (2019) · The Review of International Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11558-018-9331-6 · Cited by 31
Negative priming reduces affective ratings
Griffiths, O., & Mitchell, C. J. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701664930 · Cited by 31
“There are many studies that show that increasing the ease with which a stimulus is processed leads to increased ratings of the perceived pleasantness of that stimulus (see Bornstein, 1989 , for a review).”
Background
Adolescents’ preferences for sexual dimorphism are influenced by relative exposure to male and female faces
Saxton, T. K., Little, A. C., DeBruine, L. M., Jones, B. C., & Roberts, S. C. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.005 · Cited by 31
“It is a long-standing tenet of psychology that increased familiarity of a stimulus enhances ratings of its attractiveness (Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968).”
Background
Mere Exposure Effects with Outgroup Stimuli
Bornstein, R. F. (1993) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-088579-7.50013-2 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
A constructivist and connectionist view on conscious and nonconscious processes
Phaf, R. H., & Wolters, G. (1997) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089708573221 · Cited by 31
A Review on Structural Equation Modeling and Its Classification
Sharma, V., Ramachandran, M., Chinnasamy, S., & Saravanan, V. (2021) · REST Journal on Emerging trends in Modelling and Manufacturing · doi:10.46632/7/4/5 · Cited by 30
The Role of Repeated Exposure and Message Fatigue in Influencing Willingness to Help Polar Bears and Support Climate Change Mitigation
Lu, H. (2022) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/10755470221105068 · Cited by 42
“The two-factor model claims that the inverted-U shaped model results from the combined effects of initial habituation, which reduces uncertainty and increases familiarity, and subsequent satiation, which increases the level of boredom (Bornstein, 1989).”
Background
A Shared Intentionality Account of Uniquely Human Social Bonding
Wolf, W., & Tomasello, M. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231201795 · Cited by 33
“…individuals’ attitudes toward that information and things associated with this information to become more positive (Alter & Oppenheimer, 2006, 2009; Bornstein, 1989; Gordon & Holyoak, 1983; Laham et al., 2009; Reber et al., 2004; Reber & Unkelbach, 2010; Song & Schwarz, 2009; Wilson & Miller,…”
The sounds of safety: stress and danger in music perception
Schäfer, T., Huron, D., Shanahan, D. T., & Sedlmeier, P. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01140 · Cited by 30
The Heart and the Head: On Choosing Experiences Intuitively and Possessions Deliberatively
Gallo, Í., Sood, S., Mann, T. C., & Gilovich, T. D. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1997 · Cited by 31
A reappreciation of ‘conformity’
van Leeuwen, E. J. C., Acerbi, A., Kendal, R. L., Tennie, C., & Haun, D. B. M. (2016) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.09.010 · Cited by 33
“For instance, in the Asch studies (1956), “the majority” was assembled 310 e.g. Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968).”
Background
Consumer acceptance of products from carbon capture and utilization
Lutzke, L., & Árvai, J. (2021) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03110-3 · Cited by 33
“Regardless, in line with past research which demonstrates that familiarity increases positive perceptions (Bornstein 1989; Park and Stoel 2005), it is a hopeful finding that those who indicated familiarity with CCU were also more accepting of CCU-based products.”
Result
Visual and tactile cross-modal mere exposure effects
Suzuki, M. M., & Gyoba, J. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701298382 · Cited by 30
“Many studies have shown that repeated exposure to a novel stimulus increases the preference for the stimulus (Bornstein, 1989 ; Zajonc, 1968 ).”
Background
Parallel effects of processing fluency and positive affect on familiarity-based recognition decisions for faces
Duke, D., Fiacconi, C. M., & KÃ¶hler, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00328 · Cited by 34
“Specifically, repeated exposure to various types of stimuli has been reported to increase positive affect toward those stimuli (Zajonc, 1968; Bornstein, 1989; Harmon-Jones & Allen, 2001; Winkielman & Cacioppo 2001), an observation termed the mere exposure effect.”
Background
Devaluation of distracting stimuli
Veling, H., Holland, R. W., & van Knippenberg, A. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930600843007 · Cited by 30
“Mere exposure effects, however, are usually and almost by definition found on unfamiliar stimuli such as Chinese ideographs (Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 2001).”
Background
Neurophysiological evidence that perceptions of fluency produce mere exposure effects
Leynes, P. A., & Addante, R. J. (2016) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0428-1 · Cited by 30
Effects of processing fluency on estimates of probability and frequency
Reber, R., & Zupanek, N. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508632.003.0011 · Cited by 34
Worth the Wait? Leisure Can Be Just as Enjoyable With Work Left Undone
O’Brien, E., & Roney, E. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617701749 · Cited by 29
“…come with leisure, are extremely absorbing and tend to dominate one’s mind in the moment of consumption, over and above many other competing claims on attention (Ariely & Loewenstein, 2006; Bornstein, 1989; Buechel, Zhang, Morewedge, & Vosgerau, 2014; Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Loewenstein, 1996).”
Background
The Role of Mere Exposure Effect on Ethical Tolerance: a Two-Study Approach
Weeks, W. A., Longenecker, J. G., McKinney, J., & Moore, C. (2005) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-004-2167-4 · Cited by 34

Authors: Bornstein, R. F.
Affiliations: Gettysburg College (US)
Corresponding author: Bornstein, Robert F.
ORCID: Bornstein, Robert F.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989-09
Volume: 106
Issue: 2
Pages: 265-289
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265
OpenAlex: W2051913671
Cited by: 1,970
References: 195
Citations by year: 2026: 49 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 95
FWCI: 2.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords: exposure, affect, stimulus sensitivity, stimulus complexity, stimulus type, exposure duration, age of exposure, personality, advertising, phobia treatment

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Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987.

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