The DOI matches its Crossref record; 195 of the 195 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987.
Abstract
L'auteur analyse les effets de variables methodologiques (type et complexite du stimulus, intervalle de presentation, temps d'exposition) et de variables subjectives (âge d'exposition, personnalite) sur la sensibilite du sujet aux stimulus de toutes sortes. Il conclut sur l'interet methodologique de sa recherche, ainsi que sur ses apports pratiques (publicite, traitement de la phobie)
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“In general, individuals prefer the familiar to the unknown because more risks are involved about the unknown [49,50].”
From Consumer Responses to Generative AI Chatbots Versus Search Engines for Product Evaluation (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Research in psychology has shown that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases preference for it even when listeners are unaware of the repetition (Zajonc 1968;Bornstein 1989)”
From The Algorithmic Flattening of Sound: Computational Evidence and Justice Implications of AI Music Homogenization (2026) · cites this paper as Bornstein 1989
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Must psychologists change the way they analyze their data?
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“…that low levels of exposure are better at generating a positive affect, as higher levels are liable to produce boredom or other negative attitudes (Bornstein 1989), Rhodes et al speculate that the ideal exposure level could differ for different classes of stimuli, and that faces might require…”
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“…toward stimuli increase as a logarithmic function of the number of times those stimuli are encountered, without deliberation and especially when participants are not aware that these stimuli were presented (e.g., Bornstein, 1989; Kunst-Wilson & Zajonc, 1980; Monahan, Murphy, & Zajonc, 2000).”
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“It has been demonstrated that even mere exposure to a particular stimulus can manipulate the degree of liking [1], [2].”
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“There are several more or less formalized accounts of the cognitive mechanisms underlying liking as a function of repeated listening, with or without the interaction with complexity (for reviews see Berlyne, 1971; Bornstein, 1989).”
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“MEE refers to a tendency for individuals to respond more positively to stimuli that they have previously encountered (e.g. Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968, 2001).”
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“Quality contact situations between residents and tourists could increase their sense of affection toward each other, and the frequency of contact could reduce intercultural differences (Bornstein 1989).”
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“The mere exposure effect refers to enhanced emotional evaluation of stimuli produced through repeated exposure (Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968, 2001).”
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“Based on former research, we expected an inverted U function, demonstrating boredom effects after many repetitions (Bornstein, 1989).”
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“To test these competing predictions, Experiment 3 utilized a mere exposure manipulation to induce positive affective feelings toward unfamiliar stimuli in the absence of semantic knowledge about these stimuli (for a meta-analysis, see Bornstein, 1989).”
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“Research in 3 marketing documents that repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., an advertisement) can influence liking for the stimulus (for a review of the relevant literature refer to Bornstein (1989)).”
BackgroundMix me a list: Context moderates the truth effect and the mere-exposure effect
Dechêne, A., Stahl, C., Hansen, J., & Wänke, M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.019 · Cited by 97
“There is abundant evidence that repeated exposure makes stimuli more likeable (e.g., Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968) and subjectively more credible (e.g., Bacon, 1979; Begg, Anas, & Farinacci, 1992; Brown & Nix, 1996; Hasher Goldstein, & Toppino, 1977).”
The Generality and Ultimate Origins of the Attractiveness of Prototypes
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“For example, stimuli are liked better (e.g., Bornstein, 1989; Winkielman & Cacioppo, 2001) and statements are more likely to seem true (e.g., Hasher, Goldstein, & Toppino, 1977; Reber & Schwarz, 1999) when their perception feels easy (perceptual fluency).”
BackgroundImplicit Learning of Nonlocal Musical Rules: Implicitly Learning More Than Chunks.
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“However, this does not necessarily imply that classification performance must be above chance, because the knowledge could be implicit rather than explicit (Bornstein, 1989), thus leading to a mere exposure effect in the absence of recognition.”
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“…of the individual to a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude toward it” (p.1) was a controversial idea in the 1960s, Bornstein (1989) has shown, through his meta-analysis of over 200 experiments, that mere exposure effects can be found in a lot of events and be…”
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“This view represents a tension between the implicit system of affect formation and the explicit system of recognition (Bornstein, 1989; Peretz et al., 1998), and would predict drastic individual differences in ratings for different types of melodies resulting in a null effect overall.”
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“Finally, repeated exposure increases not only perceived truth but also positive affect (Zajonc, 1968; see Bornstein, 1989).”
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Effect of information and extended use on the acceptance of reduced-fat products
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Alcohol Advertising Exposure and Adolescent Alcohol Use: A Comparison of Exposure Measures
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“Repeated exposures to a particular stimulus can generate a preference for that stimulus, even if the viewer cannot consciously recall the reported exposures (Zajonc, 1968; Bornstein, 1989).”
BackgroundImplicit Memory in Music and Language
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Decision-making Processes Surrounding Sponsorship Activities
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“Although exposure alone has been shown to influence liking of the exposed items (Zajonc, 1980; Bornstein, 1989), measurement of exposure will not provide direct evidence of sponsorship's effect on a targeted audience's level of brand awareness or image (Speed and Thompson, 2000).”
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The contribution of face familiarity to ingroup favoritism and stereotyping
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Hierarchy, Dominance, and Deliberation
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“To the extent that people are repeatedly exposed to hierarchical systems, they should value them more (Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968; Zitek & Tiedens, 2012); and to the extent that people understand hierarchical systems as common and long-standing, they should intuitively assign them more value and…”
BackgroundHappiness Cools the Warm Glow of Familiarity
de Vries, M., Holland, R. W., Chenier, T., Starr, M. J., & Winkielman, P. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797609359878 · Cited by 91
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“Theoretical models of social learning (Bandura 1977), exposure effects (Bornstein 1989; Petty and Cacioppo 1986; McGuire 1985; Zajonc 1968), and cultivation processes (Gerbner et al.”
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The affective consequences of visual attention in preview search
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“With the mere exposure effect ( Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 2001), for example, passive repeated exposure to stimuli produces subsequent evaluations that are more positive than those given to similar but novel stimuli, even when the preexposed stimuli are not recognized.”
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Children's consumption behavior in response to food product placements in movies
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Mere exposure affects perceived descriptive norms: Implications for personal preferences and trust
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The impact of repetition-induced familiarity on agreement with weak and strong arguments.
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“…Because the feeling of fluency generated by repetition is typically attributed to either liking for or validity of the repeated statement (Bornstein, 1989; Hasher et al., 1977; Reber & Schwarz, 1999), we assumed that argument familiarity (induced by repetition) would automatically…”
BackgroundLoss Aversion and Status Quo Label Bias
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“…the respondents gave the same rating to both options, and most gave ratings that differed by 2 points or more. that "familiarity breeds liking" (Zajonc, 1968; Bornstein, 1989) -- often for excellent reasons; and one is naturally more familiar with status quo than with its virtual alternatives.”
BackgroundFamiliarity can increase stereotyping
Smith, E., Miller, D. A., Maitner, A. T., Crump, S. A., Garcia-Marques, T., & Mackie, D. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.07.002 · Cited by 76
“However, this position is contradicted by more recent evidence that mere exposure leads consistently to evaluative positivity and not to negativity (Bornstein, 1989; Reber et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe psychology of psychic distance: Antecedents of asymmetric perceptions
Håkanson, L., Ambos, B., Schuster, A., & Leicht‐Deobald, U. (2015) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2015.11.005 · Cited by 76
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“(2010), the preference for novel natural scenes is inconsistent with studies of the mere exposure effect (e.g., Zajonc, 1968; Zajonc et al., 1972; Bornstein, 1989).”
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“There is considerable evidence that fluency through perceptual priming procedures positively influences product and brand attitudes (Bornstein, 1989; Janiszewski, 1993; Labroo et al., 2008; Meyers-Levy, 1989) as well as actual choice behavior (Baker, 1999; Mandel and Johnson, 2002; Nedungadi, 1990).”
BackgroundMeasuring tie strength in implicit social networks
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Intermanual transfer of procedural learning after extended practice of probabilistic sequences
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“This test relies upon the mere exposure effect (Bornstein 1989), i.e., the fact that people tend to prefer stimuli they have encountered earlier, and is usually viewed as a test of implicit memory.”
MethodTweets That Matter: Evidence From a Randomized Field Experiment in Japan
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“Moreover, in contrast with priming, which is generally not amplified by repeated exposure, the mere exposure effect is amplified as the number of exposures increases (Bornstein, 1989; Stang, 1974; Zajonc, 1968).”
BackgroundImplicit partisanship: Taking sides for no reason.
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“A lack of awareness of primes, for example, can increase the magnitude of mere exposure effects (Bornstein, 1989; Bornstein & D’Agostino, 1994).”
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“This parallels the finding in conventional psychology that mere exposure effects are most likely to occur when the exposures are subliminal or incidental because the participant is not aware of them and, hence, is not prompted to counter their attitude-inducing effects (Bornstein, 1989).”
BackgroundWhen All Is Revealed: A Dissociation between Evaluative Learning and Contingency Awareness
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The Mere Exposure Effect Is Differentially Sensitive to Different Judgment Tasks
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Liking What's Familiar: The Importance of Unconscious Familiarity in the Mere-Exposure Effect
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“147, replicating the well-established MEE (Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEffects of prenatal cocaine exposure on dopamine system development: a meta-analysis
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The stigma of perceived irrelevance: An affordance-management theory of interpersonal invisibility.
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“Indeed, stimuli that are neither dangerous nor rewarding lose perceivers’ interest and attention (Bornstein, 1989).”
BackgroundDown a Rabbit Hole: How Prior Media Consumption Shapes Subsequent Media Consumption
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The Tourist Stereotype Model: Positive and Negative Dimensions
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“In Experiment 2, we crosschecked results obtained in the repeated evaluation task with an additional control condition, in which viewing times were significantly shortened and mere exposure effects predicted to be more likely [19, 124].”
BackgroundResultImplicit and explicit categorization of natural scenes
Codispoti, M., Ferrari, V., Cesarei, A. D., & Cardinale, R. (2006) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56003-0 · Cited by 69
“…2000), influences perceptual facilitation associated with ‘‘neural suppression’’ (Tulving and Schacter, 1990; Henson and Rugg, 2003), and leads to changes in subjective ratings of pleasantness and arousal (Fechner, 1876; Zajonc, 1968; Bornstein, 1989; Raymond et al., 2003; Codispoti et al., 2006a).”
BackgroundDoes the source of an interpersonal odour affect disgust? A disease risk model and its alternatives
Stevenson, R. J., & Repacholi, B. M. (2005) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.263 · Cited by 72
“The explanation that we have consistently identified as being important, is that participants come to know the various smells of their own body and those close to them, and that this process of exposure acts to reduce disliking—the mere exposure effect (Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968).”
BackgroundStephens, K., & Rains, S. A. (2011) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650210362679 · Cited by 65
SeIns: Semantic Instability in Art
Muth, C., & Carbon, C. (2015) · Art & Perception · doi:10.1163/22134913-00002049 · Cited by 69
“Presumably, simple stimuli become boring more quickly than complex stimuli, resulting in a more rapid downturn in the frequency-affect curve (Bornstein, 1989, p. 279).”
BackgroundComparing implicit and explicit memory for brand names from advertisements.
Krishnan, H. S., & Shapiro, S. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037//1076-898x.2.2.147 · Cited by 69
de Houwer, J., & Hermans, D. (2010) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203853054 · Cited by 73
When change in the self is mistaken for change in the world.
Eibach, R. P., Libby, L. K., & Gilovich, T. D. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.917 · Cited by 67
“There is, for example, a well-documented tendency for mere exposure to increase liking for a stimulus ( Bornstein, 1989; Frederick, 2002; Zajonc, 1968) as well as evidence suggesting that people sometimes fail to realize that mere exposure influences their hedonic experience in this way (Kahneman & Snell, 1992).”
BackgroundPeer status and classroom seating arrangements: A social relations analysis
van den Berg, Y. H. M., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.007 · Cited by 78
“According to this theory of mere exposure, familiarity with an object induces positive affect (Bornstein, 1989; Rhodes, Halberstadt, & Brajkovich, 2001; Zajonc, 1968, 2001).”
BackgroundDynamic variations in affective priming.
Wong, P., & Root, J. C. (2003) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s1053-8100(03)00007-2 · Cited by 72
Leventhal, A. M., Martin, R. L., Seals, R. W., Tapia, E., & Rehm, L. P. (2007) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9059-8 · Cited by 71
“Furthermore, mere exposure studies have demonstrated that heterogeneous rather than homogenous stimulus exposure sequences produce higher affect ratings (Bornstein 1989), indicating that the introduction of novelty may counteract habituation.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Bornstein, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Gettysburg College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bornstein, Robert F.
- ORCID
- Bornstein, Robert F.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1989-09
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 265-289
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2051913671
- Cited by
- 1,970
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 95
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- exposure, affect, stimulus sensitivity, stimulus complexity, stimulus type, exposure duration, age of exposure, personality, advertising, phobia treatment
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