The DOI matches its Crossref record; 195 of the 195 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987.
Abstract
L'auteur analyse les effets de variables methodologiques (type et complexite du stimulus, intervalle de presentation, temps d'exposition) et de variables subjectives (âge d'exposition, personnalite) sur la sensibilite du sujet aux stimulus de toutes sortes. Il conclut sur l'interet methodologique de sa recherche, ainsi que sur ses apports pratiques (publicite, traitement de la phobie)
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“In general, individuals prefer the familiar to the unknown because more risks are involved about the unknown [49,50].”
From Consumer Responses to Generative AI Chatbots Versus Search Engines for Product Evaluation (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Research in psychology has shown that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases preference for it even when listeners are unaware of the repetition (Zajonc 1968;Bornstein 1989)”
From The Algorithmic Flattening of Sound: Computational Evidence and Justice Implications of AI Music Homogenization (2026) · cites this paper as Bornstein 1989
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“Mere exposure effects have been shown for a wide array of stimuli, ranging from simple syllables to sounds or pictures of persons, and from supraliminal to subliminal exposure times (Bornstein 1989 ; Zajonc 2001 ).”
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Effects of Prior Exposure on Music Liking and Recognition in Patients with Temporal Lobe Lesions
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“, Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968), which may activate the same intergroup biases suggested by Perdue and colleagues (1990). The current findings also extend the positivity-cues-familiarity literature (e.”
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“Furthermore, mere exposure has been measured using a variety of rating procedures, such as ratings of liking, pleasantness, and forced-choice preference judgments (Bornstein 1989).”
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“This seemingly counter-intuitive prediction is proved true at least occasionally in the literature regarding to the mere exposure effect (Bornstein, 1989).”
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Evidence for the influence of the mere-exposure effect on voting in the Eurovision Song Contest
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“As judgements of familiarity happen in part at a preconscious level (Zajonc, 1968; Bornstein, 1989; Harmon-Jones & Allen, 2001), Verhulst et al. proposed that perceptions of competency in this context may be a rationalisation of preconscious perceptions of familiarity.”
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“This proposal draws support from studies on mere exposure and familiarity (Berlyne, 1970; Bornstein, 1989; Chetverikov, 2014; Zajonc, 1980), perceptual categorization (Chetverikov & Filippova, 2014; Muth & Carbon, 2013), and visual search (Chetverikov, Jóhannesson, & Kristjánsson, 2014) that…”
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“On the contrary, the effect is negative when consumers have long contacts and contact interval becomes shorter (Bornstein 1989).”
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“People reliably prefer familiar stimuli (see Bornstein, 1989, for a review of a variety of mere exposure effects) — more so when they fail to recognise previously presented stimuli at better than chance levels and are presumably not conscious of prior exposure (Bornstein & D’Agostino, 1992). Bornstein (1989) suggests…”
Face processing in Williams syndrome is already atypical in infancy
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“Although children at this young age often demonstrate a bias toward familiarized faces (a familiarity preference), infant preferences can be driven by both novelty and familiarity (Fantz, 1964; Zajonc, 1968; Berlyne, 1970; Slater et al., 1983; Bornstein, 1989; Fang et al., 2007).”
BackgroundPreference for Advertizements, Logos, and Names: Effects of Implicit Memory
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Willems, S. J., der Linden, M. V., & Bastin, C. (2006) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440600604248 · Cited by 20
“…due to previous exposure has the strongest influence on preference when the stimuli were previously presented for relatively short durations (see Bornstein, 1989) with low pre-exposure frequency (e.g., van den Bergh & Vrana, 1998), or when the stimuli used are complex (Bornstein, Kale, &…”
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“Social science literature points to the Mere Exposure Effect in which people see or hear a message 10 to 20 times before becoming familiar with it, so the reasons that potential participants gave for how they heard about the study are likely only a limited snapshot of how people may have actually seen or heard about t…”
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“It has been shown that mere exposure (Zajonc, 1968) and thus the familiarity of a stimulus increase the preference for it (Bornstein, 1989).”
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“observed frequently, rather than infrequently, usually increases in attractiveness due to mere exposure (Bornstein, 1989), provides a chance to update and correct prejudice and premature judgments”
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“Rather, a meta-analytic study revealed that stimuli perceived without awareness showed a considerably larger effect compared with stimuli that are consciously perceived (Bornstein, 1989).”
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“High contact, therefore may not be providing legitimate information about enhancements in aging language, but it may reflect familiarity and associated liking of older people (see Bornstein, 1989).”
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“Early evolutionary theories proposed that the familiarity generated from repeated mere exposure serves as a signal of the relative danger (or safety) of approaching a stimulus in one’s environment ( Bornstein 1989; Hill 1978; Zajonc 1968).”
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“Over the last 35 years, there have been many demonstrations of this simple phenomenon, termed the mere exposure effect (see Bornstein, 1989, for a review), using a broad range of procedures and materials.”
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“In general, individuals prefer the familiar to the unknown because more risks are involved about the unknown [49,50].”
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“For example, repeating stimuli to increase its likability has been found to work in a variety of stimuli, such as faces, words, and melodies (Bornstein, 1989).”
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“…justice, the concept of “ environmental inequity ” has expanded from inequality under environmental pressure among people of different races (Bornstein 1989; Szasz and Meuser 1997) and different socio-economic status (Bell and Ebisu 2012) to the pollution burden and loss borne by…”
BackgroundMisch, A., Dunham, Y. C., & Paulus, M. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103709 · Cited by 17
Mattavelli, S., Corneille, O., & Unkelbach, C. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0001170 · Cited by 19
Carbon, C., Faerber, S. J., Gerger, G., Forster, M., & Leder, H. (2013) · International journal of design · Cited by 17
Lo, S.-K., Lie, T., & Li, C.-L. (2015) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2015.1094826 · Cited by 17
“Moreover, the higher the frequency of exposure of that person, the more attractive that person will be perceived as (Berger and Calabrese 1975; Swap 1977; Moreland and Zajonc 1982; Bomstein 1989; Alperstein 1991; Moreland and Beach 1992).”
BackgroundModeration of the Familiarity-Stereotyping Effect: The Role of Stereotype Fit
Garcia‐Marques, T., Mackie, D. M., Maitner, A. T., & Claypool, H. M. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.2.81 · Cited by 18
It felt fluent but I did not like it: fluency effects in faces versus patterns
Gerger, G., Forster, M., & Leder, H. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1145705 · Cited by 17
“…using artworks for which liking also depends on many different sources ranging from perceptual to higher order cognitive factors (Leder & Nadal, 2014), fluency manipulations by classic mere exposure (Zajonc, 1968) did not produce consistent effects (Belke, Leder, & Carbon, 2015; Bornstein, 1989).”
BackgroundEmotion effects on implicit and explicit musical memory in normal aging.
Narme, P., Peretz, I., Strub, M.-L., & Ergis, A.-M. (2016) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000116 · Cited by 17
“Zajonc showed that a single prior exposure to a stimulus is sufficient to increase a preference for it, and that preference increases as a function of exposure (for convergent results, see Bornstein, 1989; Peretz, Gaudreau, & Bonnel, 1998; Seamon et al., 1997; Seamon et al., 1995).”
BackgroundPsychological and Musical Factors Underlying Engagement with Unfamiliar Music
Janata, P., Peterson, J. C., Ngan, C., Keum, B., Whiteside, H., & Ran, S. (2018) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1525/mp.2018.36.2.175 · Cited by 17
“These results corroborated the basic properties of the “mere exposure” effect in which preference for a stimulus increases with the number of subliminal stimulus presentations (Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968).”
BackgroundResultChristensen, B. T., Ball, L. J., & Reber, R. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2019.1689986 · Cited by 19
“Fluency theories of aesthetic preference Fluency theories generally assume that multiple stimulus factors feed into the same global, nonspecific experience of subjective ease or difficulty of processing (Bornstein, 1989; Jacoby, 1983; Koriat, 1993).”
BackgroundHabitat selection and human aesthetic responses to flowers
Hůla, M., & Jaroslav Flegr, A. (2021) · Evolutionary Human Sciences · doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.66 · Cited by 17
“Many studies have reported a positive correlation between familiarity and the aesthetic responses to various objects (for review, see, for example, Bornstein (1989)). Some studies also found this effect on environmental preference (Balling & Falk, 1982; Pedersen, 1978). However, more recent research suggests that the…”
BackgroundInfluentialIshii, K. (2005) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.2005.00297.x · Cited by 17
“effect’, or the phenomenon that exposure to an object enhances its positive evaluation (see Bornstein, 1989, for review).”
BackgroundNeural evidence for reduced apprehensiveness of familiarized stimuli in a mere exposure paradigm
Zebrowitz, L. A., & Zhang, Y. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.628409 · Cited by 16
“Although our results suggest that LOFC attenuation is implicated in the well-documented greater liking for exposed stimuli (Bornstein, 1989) and for novel stimuli from an exposed category (Monahan et al., 2000; Zebrowitz et al., 2008), our conclusions must be tempered by the fact that we did not…”
InfluentialPrzybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2016) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.1931 · Cited by 17
“…hypothesis and later the mere exposure effect, proposes that indirect experience, and even more so, direct experience with objects and stimuli Przybylski and Weinstein (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.1931 2/22 reduces instinctive fear reactions to novel stimuli (Bornstein, 1989, Zajonc, 1968).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Bornstein, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Gettysburg College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bornstein, Robert F.
- ORCID
- Bornstein, Robert F.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1989-09
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 265-289
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2051913671
- Cited by
- 1,970
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 95
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- exposure, affect, stimulus sensitivity, stimulus complexity, stimulus type, exposure duration, age of exposure, personality, advertising, phobia treatment
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