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A model of dual attitudes.

Wilson, Timothy D., Lindsey, Samuel, Schooler, Tonya Y.·2000·Psychological Review

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Abstract

When an attitude changes from A1 to A2, what happens to A1? Most theories assume, at least implicitly, that the new attitude replaces the former one. The authors argue that a new attitude can override, but not replace, the old one, resulting in dual attitudes. Dual attitudes are defined as different evaluations of the same attitude object: an automatic, implicit attitude and an explicit attitude. The attitude that people endorse depends on whether they have the cognitive capacity to retrieve the explicit attitude and whether this overrides their implicit attitude. A number of literatures consistent with these hypotheses are reviewed, and the implications of the dual-attitude model for attitude theory and measurement are discussed. For example, by including only explicit measures, previous studies may have exaggerated the ease with which people change their attitudes. Even if an explicit attitude changes, an implicit attitude can remain the same.

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Jouriles, E. N., Rosenfield, D., McDonald, R., Kleinsasser, A. L., & Dodson, M. C. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9717-0 · Cited by 30
Oxytocin enhances implicit social conformity to both in-group and out-group opinions
Huang, Y., Kendrick, K. M., Zheng, H., & Yu, R. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.003 · Cited by 30
“However, when such conscious control is prevented, implicit attitudes are more likely to automatically influence responses (Wilson et al., 2000).”
Background
Group Membership, Group Change, and Intergroup Attitudes: A Recategorization Model Based on Cognitive Consistency Principles
Roth, J., Steffens, M. C., & Vignoles, V. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00479 · Cited by 35
“It is considered to be difficult to change 401 whereas the explicit attitude is easily updated in response to new information (e.g., Rydell and 402 McConnell, 2006; Wilson et al., 2000).”
Background
Trait-Unconsciousness, State-Unconsciousness, Preconsciousness, and Social Miscalibration in the Context of Implicit Evaluation
Hahn, A., & Goedderz, A. (2020) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s115 · Cited by 33
The Rating of Sexist Humor Under Time Pressure as an Indicator of Spontaneous Sexist Attitudes
Eyssel, F., & Bohner, G. (2007) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9302-5 · Cited by 30
“Rating sexist jokes under time constraints was interpreted as an instance of automatic endorsement of sexist attitudes, whereas rating the jokes without time constraints left participants more time for relatively controlled responses (Fazio and Towles-Schwen 1999; Strack and Deutsch 2004; Wilson et al. 2000).”
Background
Changes of explicitly and implicitly measured self-esteem in the treatment of major depression: Evidence for implicit self-esteem compensation
Wegener, I., Geiser, F., Alfter, S., Mierke, J., Imbierowicz, K., Kleiman, A., Koch, A. S., & Conrad, R. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.12.001 · Cited by 40
“Thus, self-esteem is built on (at least) two modes of information processing [70,71].”
Background
The Construction of Attitudinal Judgments: Evidence from Attitude Certainty and Response Latency
Koriat, A., & Adiv, S. (2011) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2011.29.5.577 · Cited by 30
“Of course, participants sometimes simply retrieve a previously formed judgment (Wilson et al., 2000).”
Background
Implicit prejudice in mind and interaction
Durrheim, K. L. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139022736.011 · Cited by 30
Mental Representations Are States, Not Things: Implications for Implicit and Explicit Measurement.
Smith, E. R., & Conrey, F. R. (2007) · Cited by 29
Intergroup Forgiveness: East Timorese and Angolan Perspectives
Neto, F. F. M., Pinto, M. D. C., & Mullet, É. (2007) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343307082067 · Cited by 30
Cambio de actitudes implícitas
Briñol, P., Horcajo, J., Becerra, A., Falces, C., & Sierra, B. (2002) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 30
Implicit attitudes and the ability argument
Buckwalter, W. (2018) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-018-1159-7 · Cited by 32
Attitude Accessibility as a Moderator of Implicit and Explicit Self-esteem Correspondence
LeBel, E. P. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860902979166 · Cited by 30
“Others have argued that ISE and ESE may not be associated because they operate in two distinct attitude systems (Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000 ).”
Background
Macro-level implicit HIV prejudice and the health of community residents with HIV.
Miller, C. T., Varni, S. E., Solomon, S. E., DeSarno, M., & Bunn, J. Y. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000314 · Cited by 29
Implicit and explicit evaluations of foods: The natural and transformed dimension
Coricelli, C., Foroni, F., Osimo, S. A., & Rumiati, R. I. (2018) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.11.014 · Cited by 31

Authors: Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y.
Affiliations: University of Virginia (US)
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 107
Issue: 1
Pages: 101-126
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.101
OpenAlex: W2085169214
Cited by: 2,112
References: 184
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 128 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 165.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (41841)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords: implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, attitude change, attitude measurement, attitude theory
MeSH terms: Affect, Attitude, Humans, Motivation, Object Attachment, Prejudice

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A model of dual attitudes.

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