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A model of dual attitudes.

Wilson, Timothy D., Lindsey, Samuel, Schooler, Tonya Y.·2000·Psychological Review

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Abstract

When an attitude changes from A1 to A2, what happens to A1? Most theories assume, at least implicitly, that the new attitude replaces the former one. The authors argue that a new attitude can override, but not replace, the old one, resulting in dual attitudes. Dual attitudes are defined as different evaluations of the same attitude object: an automatic, implicit attitude and an explicit attitude. The attitude that people endorse depends on whether they have the cognitive capacity to retrieve the explicit attitude and whether this overrides their implicit attitude. A number of literatures consistent with these hypotheses are reviewed, and the implications of the dual-attitude model for attitude theory and measurement are discussed. For example, by including only explicit measures, previous studies may have exaggerated the ease with which people change their attitudes. Even if an explicit attitude changes, an implicit attitude can remain the same.

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The Unseen Mind
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“, 1999), which may be alternating like the foreground and background in our attention (Wilson et al., 2000).”
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“However, even though induced compliance has been shown to be effective in reducing explicit prejudice (e.g., Gawronski & Strack, 2004; Leippe & Eisenstadt, 1994), it seems to be less effective in changing implicit prejudice (e.g., Gawronski & Strack, 2004; see also Wilson et al., 2000).”
Background
Acceptability of Family Violence: Underlying Ties Between Intimate Partner Violence and Child Abuse
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“Some theories suggest that implicit measures reflect highly stable, old representations whereas explicit measures reflect recently acquired, new representations (e.g., Petty, Tormala, Briñol, & Jarvis, 2006; Rudman, 2004; Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000).”
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Die Skala Motivation zu vorurteilsfreiem Verhalten: Psychometrische Eigenschaften und Validität
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Lai, C. K., Skinner, A. L., Cooley, E., Murrar, S., Bräuer, M., Devos, T., Calanchini, J., Xiao, Y. J., Pedram, C., Marhsburn, C., et al. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2712520 · Cited by 52
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“Differences in and interactions between System 1 and System 2 processing strategies have been shown to predict distinctive outcomes in persuasion, judgment and decision making, and a host of other domains (Chaiken & Trope, 1999 ; Epstein, 1994 ; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986 ; Stanovich & West, 2000 ; Wilson, Lindsey, & Scho…”
BackgroundResult
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Observing Flattery: A Social Comparison Perspective
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“…on Wed, 19 Mar 2014 23:24:03 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions tomatic implicit attitude, people may simultaneously hold separate implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object (Petty et al. 2006; Sweldens, van Osselaer, and Janiszewski 2010; Wilson et al. 2000).”
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Evidence for implicit self-positivity bias: an event-related brain potential study
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“…that there is no significant correlation between explicit and implicit attitudes, and infer that they may take on different meanings on some psychological levels and relate to different neural network systems (Bosson et al. 2000, 2003; Epstein 1994; Greenwald and Farnham 2000; Wilson et al. 2000).”
Background
License to Sin: The Liberating Role of Reporting Expectations
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“…research on both affective and cognitive attitude conflict and on implicit and explicit attitude conflict suggests that individuals asked a question about future vice behavior will be likely to report relatively negative attitudes toward the behavior (Shiv and Fedorikhin 1999; Wilson et al. 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Do hedonic- versus nutrition-based attitudes toward food predict food choices? a cross-sectional study of 6- to 11-year-olds
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“[27] predicted eating behaviors: implicit attitudes were significantly related to spontaneous eating behaviors (namely, the choice of a snack or fruit at the end of the experiment), whereas a significant relationship was found between explicit attitudes and deliberative behavior (namely, the self-reported consumption…”
Background
Automatic processes and individual differences in aggressive behavior
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“Dual-process models recognize the role played by both automatic/impulsive/associative and deliberative/reflective/propositional processes as determinants of behavior (e.g., Fazio, 1990; Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2007; Strack & Deutsch, 2004; Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000 ).”
Background

Authors: Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y.
Affiliations: University of Virginia (US)
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 107
Issue: 1
Pages: 101-126
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.101
OpenAlex: W2085169214
Cited by: 2,112
References: 184
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 128 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 165.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (41841)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords: implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, attitude change, attitude measurement, attitude theory
MeSH terms: Affect, Attitude, Humans, Motivation, Object Attachment, Prejudice

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A model of dual attitudes.

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