Cited by 2,112Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingBehavioral Health and Interventions

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 183 of the 184 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A model of dual attitudes.

Wilson, Timothy D., Lindsey, Samuel, Schooler, Tonya Y.·2000·Psychological Review

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

When an attitude changes from A1 to A2, what happens to A1? Most theories assume, at least implicitly, that the new attitude replaces the former one. The authors argue that a new attitude can override, but not replace, the old one, resulting in dual attitudes. Dual attitudes are defined as different evaluations of the same attitude object: an automatic, implicit attitude and an explicit attitude. The attitude that people endorse depends on whether they have the cognitive capacity to retrieve the explicit attitude and whether this overrides their implicit attitude. A number of literatures consistent with these hypotheses are reviewed, and the implications of the dual-attitude model for attitude theory and measurement are discussed. For example, by including only explicit measures, previous studies may have exaggerated the ease with which people change their attitudes. Even if an explicit attitude changes, an implicit attitude can remain the same.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.101

Cites

183 of 183 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Untitled work
(1975) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 36,737
Untitled work
(1969) · Cited by 18,340
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
Freud, S. (1953) · Cited by 17,730
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317
Self-citation
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210
Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.2.151 · Cited by 8,094
Handbook of Social Psychology
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,590
Book Review: The Psychology of Attitudes
Chakravarti, D., Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1997) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151869 · Cited by 7,173
Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682

Show all 184 references

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 1,004

Why Are Consumers Willing to Pay More for Liquid Foods in Environmentally Friendly Packaging? A Dual Attitudes Perspective
Popović, I., Bossink, B. A. G., van der Sijde, P. C., & Fong, C. Y. M. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12072812 · Cited by 29
“’s theory of dual attitudes [18] was used to formulate the hypotheses and to conduct a study among consumers of liquid foods in 11 countries.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
What Is Slowing Us Down? Six Challenges to Accelerating Advances in Health Behavior Change
Rothman, A. J., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa090 · Cited by 30
Imagination Versus Telepresence: Consumer Patronage Intention Toward Peer-to-Peer Accommodations in Photo-Enhanced Imaginative Conditions and Virtual Reality Contexts
Fan, X., Jiang, X., & Deng, N. (2022) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875221141879 · Cited by 29
“…attributes (Mugg, 2016): first, system 1 (S1) is a fast and automatic process without accurate details and context related to an individual’s implicit attitude (Wilson et al., 2000); second, system 2 (S2) develops slowly and thought-fully, following logic, social norms, and abstract thinking.”
Biased Language Use in Stereotype Maintenance: The Role of Encoding and Goals.
Wenneker, C. P. J., Wigboldus, D. H. J., & Spears, R. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.504 · Cited by 29
Does One Bad Apple(Juice) Spoil the Bunch? Implicit Attitudes Toward One Product Transfer to Other Products by the Same Brand
Ratliff, K. A., Swinkels, B., Klerx, K., & Nosek, B. A. (2012) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20540 · Cited by 30
“…(August 2012) View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mar C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. DOI: 10.1002/mar.20540 that qualitatively distinct processes are involved in social evaluation (Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluential
Implicit racial prejudice against African-Americans in balanced scorecard performance evaluations
Upton, D., & Arrington, C. E. (2012) · Critical Perspectives on Accounting · doi:10.1016/j.cpa.2012.01.002 · Cited by 29
“Implicit attitudes reflect automatically activated evaluative information whereas explicit attitudes reflect evaluations produced by controlled processes (Greenwald and Banaji, 1995; Wilson et al., 2000; Nosek, 2005).”
The relationship between implicit and explicit believability of exercise-related messages and intentions.
Berry, T. R., Jones, K. E., McLeod, N. C., & Spence, J. C. (2011) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025082 · Cited by 29
“This finding is yet again cause for worry due to the possibility that implicit believability is harder to change than explicit believability (Wilson et al., 2000).”
Background
Verbal–Behavioral Dissociations in Development
Woolley, J. D. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00956.x · Cited by 29
“Wilson, Lindsey, and Schooler (2000) suggest that people often have two different attitudes about the same object.”
Background
Der Implizite Assoziationstest als Maß automatisch aktivierter Assoziationen: Reichweite und Grenzen
Gawronski, B., & Conrey, F. R. (2004) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042.55.3.118 · Cited by 30
“Ursprünglich wurde für den IAT vermutet, dass dieser zeitlich stabile und äußerst robuste Assoziationen misst, die auf langjährigen Sozialisationserfahrungen beruhen (z. B. Wilson et al., 2000).”
Background
COMMITTEE ON AGING FRONTIERS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, PERSONALITY, AND ADULT DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Carstensen, L. L., & Hartel, C. R. (2006) · Cited by 29
Situational Flexibility of In-Group-Related Attitudes: A Single Category IAT Study of People with Dual National Identity
Bohner, G., Siebler, F., González, R., Haye, A., & Schmidt, E. (2008) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430208090644 · Cited by 27
“On the other hand, implicit measures may be less affected because they tap deeply ingrained, core associations (Rudman, 2004; Wilson et al., 2000), and only part of their variance may refl ect situational infl uences (Schmukle & Egloff, 2005).”
Background
An Enriched Customer Journey Map: How to Construct and Visualize a Global Portrait of Both Lived and Perceived Users’ Experiences?
Alvarez, J., Léger, P., Frédette, M., Chen, S. L., Maunier, B., & Sénécal, S. (2020) · Designs · doi:10.3390/designs4030029 · Cited by 28
“When facing a system, a user presents a dual cognitive reaction unconsciously and consciously [12,13].”
Background
The Four Deadly Sins of Implicit Attitude Research
Sherman, J. W., & Klein, S. A. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.604340 · Cited by 33
Impulsivity traits and the rational cognitive process of entrepreneurship: empirical evidence from Vietnam
Doan, X. H., Le, T. T., Duong, C. D., Nguyễn, T. P. L., Tran, D. D., & Tran, T. P. H. (2021) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration · doi:10.1108/apjba-05-2021-0200 · Cited by 31
Public Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles in China
Luo, C., He, M., & Xing, C. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2115336 · Cited by 30
“Implicit attitudes are evaluations that people are unaware of their origins, yet still are activated automatically and influence their implicit responses (Wilson et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Implicit Bias as a Cognitive Manifestation of Systemic Racism
Galvan, M. J., & Payne, B. K. (2024) · Daedalus · doi:10.1162/daed_a_02051 · Cited by 28
Les stéréotypes de genre en mathématiques et en langues : recension critique en regard de la réussite scolaire*
Plante, I., Théorêt, M., & Favreau, O. E. (2010) · Revue des sciences de l éducation · doi:10.7202/044483ar · Cited by 28
The Puzzle of High Self-esteem Among Ethnic Minorities: Comparing Explicit and Implicit Self-esteem
Verkuyten, M. (2005) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/13576500444000290 · Cited by 28
Implicit social cognition and safety culture
Marquardt, N., Gades-Büttrich, R., & Robelski, S. (2011) · Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries · doi:10.1002/hfm.20264 · Cited by 28
“Wilson, Lindsey, and Schooler (2000) imply that implicit attitudes are an automatically activated evaluation of unknown origin.”
Background
Personality and implicit social cognition research: past, present and future
Banse, R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.638 · Cited by 28
“For example, Fazio and Olson (2002) use the terms implicit and explicit when referring to different measurement methods that are assumed to assess essentially the same construct, whereas Wilson et al. (2000) distinguish between implicit and explicit attitudes at construct level.”
Background
Social psychological factors in tackling obesity
Maio, G. R., Haddock, G., & Jarman, H. L. (2007) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2007.00330.x · Cited by 28
“It is likely that this non-conscious attitude change requires repeated and creative interventions to change attitudes – even a single powerful message might not be enough to elicit long-term non-conscious change (15).”
Background
Advances and Continuing Challenges in Objective Personality Testing
Ortner, T. M., & Schmitt, M. (2014) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000213 · Cited by 28
Chapter 6 Assessing Individual Differences in Achievement Motivation with the Implicit Association Test: Predictive Validity of a Chronometric Measure of the Self-Concept “Me = Successful”
Brunstein, J. C., & Schmitt, C. H. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0006 · Cited by 28
Psychological predictors of public acceptance for urban stormwater reuse
Mankad, A., Walton, A., & Gardner, J. (2019) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.03.018 · Cited by 28
The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment
Haidt, J. (2008) · Reasoning · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511814273.055 · Cited by 27
Effects of Biggest Loser Exercise Depictions on Exercise-Related Attitudes
Berry, T. R., McLeod, N. C., Pankratow, M. R., & Walker, J. (2012) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.37.1.11 · Cited by 27
Implicit Interpersonal Attraction in Small Groups
Krause, S., Back, M., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550613517723 · Cited by 29
“The present research aimed to provide insight into the nature and behavioral consequences of interpersonal attraction from a dual-process perspective (e.g., Fazio, 1990; Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006; Strack & Deutsch, 2004; Wilson et al., 2000).”
Reliability and Validity of the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale-15: A New Clinician-Reporting Tool for Assessing Interpersonal Guilt According to Control-Mastery Theory
Gazzillo, F., Gorman, B. S., Bush, M., Silberschatz, G., Mazza, C., Faccini, F., Crisafulli, V., Alesiani, R., & Luca, E. D. (2017) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2017.45.3.362 · Cited by 27
Ageism and Age Discrimination at the Workplace—a Psychological Perspective
Couto, M. C. P. D. P., & Rothermund, K. (2019) · Vorurteile im Arbeitsleben · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59232-8_4 · Cited by 10
Antecedents and consequences of explicit and implicit attitudes toward digital piracy
Serenko, A. (2021) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2021.103559 · Cited by 32
Ethno‐political socialization of young children in societies involved in intractable conflict: The case of Israel
Nasie, M., Tagar, M. R., & Bar‐Tal, D. (2021) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12479 · Cited by 27
Regional intergroup bias
Calanchini, J., Hehman, E., Ebert, T., Wilson, L., Simon, D., & Wilson, L. (2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2022.04.003 · Cited by 46
Actively open-minded thinking is key to combating fake news: A multimethod study
Mirhoseini, M., Early, S., Shamy, N. E., & Hassanein, K. (2023) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2023.103761 · Cited by 44
COMMENTARIES on "Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem"
Neiss, M. B., Stevenson, J., & Sedikides, C. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1401_02 · Cited by 32
Harnessing the unconscious mind of the consumer: How implicit attitudes predict pre-conscious visual attention to carbon footprint information on products
Beattie, G. W., & McGuire, L. (2015) · Semiotica · doi:10.1515/sem-2014-0079 · Cited by 28
Specificity of Implicit-Shame Associations
Clerkin, E. M., Teachman, B. A., Smith, A. R., & Buhlmann, U. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614524944 · Cited by 33
Implicit measures of attitudes toward gambling: An exploratory study
Yi, S., & Kanetkar, V. (2010) · Journal of Gambling Issues · doi:10.4309/jgi.2010.24.9 · Cited by 32
Blind spots in the search for happiness: Implicit attitudes and nonverbal leakage predict affective forecasting errors
McConnell, A. R., Dunn, E. W., Austin, S. N., & Rawn, C. D. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.018 · Cited by 27
“Further, the current work highlights the importance of nonconscious, associative knowledge, in line with many conceptualizations of attitudes that point to the value of appreciating differences between associative and propositional knowledge (e.g., Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006; McConnell et al., 2008; Rydell & McConn…”
Background
The Long-Term Effects of E-Advertising: The Influence of Internet Pop-ups Viewed at a Low Level of Attention in Implicit Memory
Courbet, D., Fourquet-Courbet, M.-P., Kazan, R., & Intartaglia, J. (2013) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12035 · Cited by 27
Determinants and Consequences of Jury Racial Diversity: Empirical Findings, Implications, and Directions for Future Research
Sommers, S. R. (2008) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2008.00011.x · Cited by 28
“There is increasing precedent for the consideration of implicit bias in legal decision making (see Kang BPage,2005),andthoughsomefindingsindicatethatimplicitbiases aremorelikelytopredictjudgmentsandbehaviorsthatarespontaneousasopposed to deliberative (e.g., Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2002; Wilson, Lindsey, & Schoo…”
Background
Is the Strength of Implicit Alcohol Associations Correlated with Alcohol‐induced Heart‐rate Acceleration?
Wildenberg, E. V. D., Beckers, M., Lambaart, F. V., Conrod, P., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00161.x · Cited by 27
“Second, they might be able to measure ongoing processes that the participant cannot introspect upon (Wilson et al., 2000).”
Background
Modeling the Dynamics of Evaluation
Ehret, P. J., Monroe, B. M., & Read, S. J. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314544221 · Cited by 27
“Dual process and dual system models that argue for distinct and non-interactive processes/systems would generally predict two distinct attitudes, an automatic or implicit attitude and an explicit or controlled attitude (e.g., Wilson, Samuel, & Schooler, 2000).”
Background
Examining the mapping problem in dual process models
Moors, A. (2014) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 27
Unlocking behaviors of long-term service consumers: the role of action inertia
Leppäniemi, M., Jayawardhena, C., Karjaluoto, H., & Harness, D. (2017) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-06-2015-0127 · Cited by 38
“Attitudes can be explicit and implicit (Gawronski and Bodenhausen, 2006; Greenwald and Banaji, 1995; Wilson et al., 2000).”
A longitudinal study on how implicit attitudes and explicit cognitions synergistically influence physical activity intention and behavior
Muschalik, C., Elfeddali, I., Candel, M., & de Vries, H. (2018) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-018-0229-0 · Cited by 25
“The relatively new concept of combining implicit and explicit cognitions is reflected in dual process models [10, 11, 27, 28].”
Background
How people can become persuaded by weak messages presented by credible communicators: Not all sleeper effects are created equal
Albarracín, D., Kumkale, G. T., & Vento, P. P.-D. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.06.009 · Cited by 27
“Given that individuals retrieve just enough information to make a reasonable judgment, their judgments and behaviors can be disproportionately influenced by the evaluative implications of accessible attitude-relevant information (Albarracín, 2002; Chaiken et al., 1996; Feldman & Lynch, 1988; Schwarz & Bohner, 2001; Wi…”
Background
GENDER AND SOCIALLY DESIRABLE RESPONDING AS MODERATORS OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT SELF-ESTEEM
Riketta, M. (2005) · Current research in social psychology · Cited by 27
The fragmentation of reasoning
Carruthers, P. (2014) · Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú eBooks · doi:10.18800/9786124146800.004 · Cited by 26
HIV‐related stigma in social interactions: Approach and avoidance behaviour in a virtual environment
Toppenberg, H. L., Bos, A. E. R., Ruiter, R. A. C., Wigboldus, D. H. J., & Pryor, J. B. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2082 · Cited by 26
Generalization versus contextualization in automatic evaluation revisited: A meta-analysis of successful and failed replications.
Gawronski, B., Hu, X., Rydell, R. J., Vervliet, B., & Houwer, J. D. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000079 · Cited by 26
The Whys of Social Exclusion: Insights from Behavioral Economics
Hoff, K., & Walsh, J. (2018) · The World Bank Research Observer · doi:10.1093/wbro/lkx010 · Cited by 31
“Explicit discrimination is much easier than implicit discrimination to change (Wilson et al. 2000), which is consistent in that self-reports of explicit racism show a large decline among whites, whereas racially discriminatory behaviors remain common among them (Dovidio and Gaertner 2004).”
Background
When pain is pleasure: Identifying consumer psychopaths
Karampournioti, E., Hennigs, N., & Wiedmann, K. (2018) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21085 · Cited by 25
How resistant are implicit impressions of facial trustworthiness? When new evidence leads to durable updating
Shen, X., & Ferguson, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104219 · Cited by 27
Changes of Explicit and Implicit Stigma in Medical Students during Psychiatric Clerkship
Wang, P., Ko, C., Chen, C., Yang, Y., Lin, H., Cheng, C.-C., Tsang, H., Wu, C.-K., & Yen, C. (2015) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-015-0432-8 · Cited by 26
“In the past, a stigmatizing attitude has been considered as when people consciously evaluate their environment and provide valence summaries of whether objects in the environment are good or bad [8].”
BackgroundInfluential
Negotiating the Double Bind: Interpersonal and Instrumental Evaluations of Dominance
Diekman, A. B. (2007) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9198-0 · Cited by 26
“This flexibility has become central to psychological theories in various domains (see Chaiken and Trope 1999), including evaluative processes (Schwarz 2000; Wilson et al. 2000 ).”
Background
The influence of implicit cognitive processes on physical activity: how the theory of planned behaviour and self-determination theory can provide a platform for our understanding
Dimmock, J. A., & Banting, L. (2009) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/17509840802657337 · Cited by 30
“, Mitchell, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003; Wittenbrink et al., 2001). According to the APE model, changes in associative evaluations may reflect either an incremental change in associative structures or a temporal change in the activation of pre-existing patterns. The facilitation of physical activity may therefore be approac…”
BackgroundInfluential
Brains and Games
Volk, S., & Köhler, T. (2012) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428112449656 · Cited by 26
The effects of skin tone, height, and gender on earnings
Devaraj, S., Quigley, N. R., & Patel, P. C. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190640 · Cited by 27
The use of a bourdieusian “capitals” model for understanding farmer’s irrigation behavior in Iran
Rahimi-Feyzabad, F., Yazdanpanah, M., Burton, R. J. F., Forouzani, M., & Mohammadzadeh, S. (2020) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125442 · Cited by 26
The extrinsic affective Simon task as an instrument for indirect assessment of prejudice
Degner, J., & Wentura, D. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.536 · Cited by 28
Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem: Measure for Measure
Oakes, M. A., Brown, J. D., & Cai, H. (2008) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.6.778 · Cited by 26
Reflection and Impulse as Determinants of Conscious and Unconscious Motivation
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Social Motivation · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511735066.008 · Cited by 26
Who is watching Big Brother? TV consumption predicted by masked affective priming
Frings, C., & Wentura, D. (2003) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.167 · Cited by 26
Ethnocentrism and place identity in the consumption of local products
del Castillo, E. J. S., Armas, R. J. D., & Taño, D. G. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31602 · Cited by 25
Perceiving ingroup members who use stereotypes: implicit conformity and similarity
Castelli, L., Arcuri, L., & Zogmaister, C. (2002) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.138 · Cited by 25
“(Brauer et al., 2000; Cunningham, Preacher, & Banaji, 2001; Wilson et al., 2000), but that there is a certain amount of overlap between them that can be experimentally measured.”
Background
Implicit ambivalence of significant others: Significant others trigger positive and negative evaluations
Zayas, V., Surenkok, G., & Pandey, G. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12360 · Cited by 24
Does Inside Equal Outside? Relations Between Older Adults' Implicit and Explicit Aging Attitudes and Self-Esteem
Chen, J., Zheng, K., Xia, W., Wang, Q., Liao, Z., & Zheng, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02313 · Cited by 25
“This is consistent with the Model of Dual Attitudes, which suggests that people make two different evaluations of the same attitude object, a conscious explicit attitude and an unconscious automatically activated implicit attitude (Wilson et al., 2000).”
Result
Do people realize how their partners make them feel? Relationship enhancement motives and stress determine the link between implicitly assessed partner attitudes and relationship satisfaction.
Hicks, L. L., McNulty, J. K., Faure, R., Meltzer, A. L., Righetti, F., & Hofmann, W. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000247 · Cited by 26
Implicit and Explicit Anti‐Fat Attitude Change Following Brief Cognitive Dissonance Intervention for Weight Stigma
Breithaupt, L. E., Trojanowski, P. J., & Fischer, S. F. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22909 · Cited by 25
“Dissonance interventions targeting race have found only modest associations between implicit and explicit attitudes (18,22), supporting the idea that the automatic and consciously held attitudes and beliefs arise from different processes (23).”
Background
The transmission of attitudes towards food: twofold specificity of similarities with parents and friends.
Guidetti, M., Conner, M., Prestwich, A., & Cavazza, N. (2012) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02041.x · Cited by 29
Mécanismes psychologiques de la persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2007) · Diogène · doi:10.3917/dio.217.0058 · Cited by 25
Chinese Undergraduates’ Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Toward Persons With Disabilities
Chen, S., Ma, L., & Zhang, J. (2011) · Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0034355211410705 · Cited by 25
“For example, literature on prejudice suggests that people growing up in a racist family or cultural background were more likely to acquire negative stereotypes (Wilson et al., 2000).”
Background
Zwei Seelen wohnen, ach, in meiner Brust
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., Müller, J., & Strack, F. (2011) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042/a000086 · Cited by 26
Mindfulness-Based Hypnosis: Blending Science, Beliefs, and Wisdoms to Catalyze Healing
Alladin, A. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00029157.2013.857290 · Cited by 24
Subjective Significance Shapes Arousal Effects on Modified Stroop Task Performance: A Duality of Activation Mechanisms Account
Imbir, K. K. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00075 · Cited by 25
“There are several duality of mind theories focusing on specific processes (e.g., persuasion: Petty and Cacioppo, 1986; attitude: Wilson et al., 2000), focusing on a specific domain (such as cognition Strack and Deutsch, 2004) or emotion (Jarymowicz and Imbir, 2015), and, finally, more generally…”
Rushing to Appear Virtuous: Time Pressure Increases Socially Desirable Responding
Protzko, J., Zedelius, C. M., & Schooler, J. W. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619867939 · Cited by 25
The Self in Social Rejection
Pass, J. A., & Nooij, J. (2009) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.31965.12009 · Cited by 25
Positive Outcome Expectancies and Smoking Behavior: The Role of Expectancy Accessibility
Palfai, T. P. (2002) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1016024927094 · Cited by 25
“Although responses to Likert-scale items that are typical of expectancy questionnaires may be correlated with expectancy accessibility, investigators have adopted a number of methods from research on attitudes (Bassili, 1995; Fazio, 1990; Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000 ) and memory processes (see Graf, 1994) to ass…”
Method
Automatic processes in aggression: Conceptual and assessment issues.
Bluemke, M., & Teige-Mocigemba, S. (2014) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21576 · Cited by 20
Accepting a “New” Standard Variety: Comparing Explicit Attitudes in Luxembourg and Belgium
Vari, J., & Tamburelli, M. (2021) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages6030134 · Cited by 24
“…social expectations and official ideologies as they do for explicit attitudes (Dovidio et al. 2009; Fazio and Towles-Schwen 1999; Kristiansen 2015; Wilson et al. 2000), and with sociolinguistic studies arguing that a highly standardised variety tends to carry heightened prestige (Coupland and…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Seeking the opinions of others online: Evidence of evaluation overshoot
Coker, B. L. S. (2012) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2012.06.005 · Cited by 24
How conflict begets conflict: Activation of the ethos of conflict in times of distress in a society involved in an intractable conflict
Sharvit, K. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.07.017 · Cited by 24
Automatic evaluation of body-related images
Watts, K., Cranney, J., & Gleitzman, M. (2008) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.06.001 · Cited by 27
“These differ from explicit attitudes in that the latter require effort and motivation in order to be retrieved (Wilson et al., 2000).”
Background
Investor Preference for Director Characteristics: Portfolio Choice with Gender Bias
Friedman, H. L. (2019) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-52621 · Cited by 21
“Explicit attitudes operate consciously, while implicit attitudes operate subconsciously (Greenwald and Banaji, 1995; Wilson et al., 2000).”
Background
Is what I think I think really what I think? Implicit and explicit attitudes toward stuttering among practicing speech-language pathologists
Walden, T. A., Lesner, T. A., & Jones, R. M. (2019) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.105965 · Cited by 24
Appraisals of previous math experiences play an important role in math anxiety
Hunt, T. E., & Maloney, E. A. (2022) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14805 · Cited by 23
Relationship Between Implicit and Explicit Measures of Attitudes: The Impact of Application Conditions
Echabe, A. E. (2013) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v9i2.544 · Cited by 30
Mood and Trust in Intuition Interactively Orchestrate Correspondence Between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes
Huntsinger, J. R. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211410069 · Cited by 25
“Although some definitions of implicit attitudes include the idea that they reside outside introspective access (e.g., Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Wilson et al., 2000), from the APE model, the question of awareness is an empirical one.”
Background
Examining structural, perceptual, and attitudinal influences on the quality of information sharing in collaborative technology use
Shih, H., Lai, K., & Cheng, T. C. E. (2013) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-013-9429-6 · Cited by 25
“Consistent with the dual-attitude model (Wilson et al. 2000), we adopt perceived compatibility and coordination visibility as explicit attitude and implicit attitude, respectively.”
Method
Looking for Arguments
Mercier, H. (2011) · Argumentation · doi:10.1007/s10503-011-9256-1 · Cited by 28
“…controlled attention (Posner and Snyder 1975), implicit and explicit memory, learning or attitudes (Berry and Dienes 1993; Reber 1993; Schacter 1987; Wilson et al. 2000) and heuristic and systematic evaluation processes (Chaiken et al. 1989; Gawronski and Bodenhausen 2006; Petty and Cacioppo 1986).”
Background
The Intuitive Psychologist Behind the Bench: Models of Gender Bias in Social Psychology and Employment Discrimination Law
Krieger, L. H. (2004) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00389.x · Cited by 24
I Love That Company: Look How Ethical, Prominent, and Efficacious It Is—A Triadic Organizational Reputation (TOR) Scale
Agarwal, J., Stackhouse, M. R. D., & Osiyevskyy, O. (2017) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3421-2 · Cited by 26
Neuroscience and Racism: The Power of Groups for Overcoming Implicit Bias
Stevens, F. L., & Abernethy, A. D. (2017) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2017.1315583 · Cited by 24
Multinomial processing trees as theoretical bridges between cognitive and social psychology
Calanchini, J., Rivers, A. M., Klauer, K. C., & Sherman, J. W. (2018) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2018.09.002 · Cited by 25
Tourists’ environmental vandalism and cognitive dissonance in a National Forest Park
Wu, J.-H., Lin, H., & Liu, W. (2020) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126845 · Cited by 24
Using implicit tasks in attitude research: A review and a guide
Spence, A. (2005) · Social Psychological Review · doi:10.53841/bpsspr.2005.7.1.2 · Cited by 24
Survival and Change in Judgments: A Model of Activation and Comparison
Albarracín, D., Wallace, H. M., & Glasman, L. R. (2004) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(04)36005-3 · Cited by 24
Expanding the Scope of the Social Response Context Model
MacDonald, G., Nail, P. R., & Levy, D. A. (2004) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2601_7 · Cited by 24
“Implicit attitudes have generally been considered to be relatively unchangeable in the short term (Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2000; Wilson et al., 2000).”
Background
Rape Myth Acceptance and Judgments of Vulnerability to Sexual Assault: An Internet Experiment
Bohner, G., Danner, U. N., Siebler, F., & Samson, G. B. (2002) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1026/1618-3169.49.4.257 · Cited by 24
Reducing Implicit PrejudicePreprint
Lai, C., Hoffman, K., & Nosek, B. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2089158 · Cited by 201

Authors: Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y.
Affiliations: University of Virginia (US)
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 107
Issue: 1
Pages: 101-126
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.101
OpenAlex: W2085169214
Cited by: 2,112
References: 184
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 128 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 165.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (41841)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords: implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, attitude change, attitude measurement, attitude theory
MeSH terms: Affect, Attitude, Humans, Motivation, Object Attachment, Prejudice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A model of dual attitudes.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks