The DOI matches its Crossref record; 254 of the 257 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability.
Abstract
The culture-only (0 % genetic–100 % environmental) and the hereditarian (50% genetic–50 % environmental) models of the causes of mean Black–White differences in cognitive ability are compared and contrasted across 10 categories of evidence: the worldwide distribution of test scores, g factor of mental ability, heritability, brain size and cognitive ability, transracial adoption, racial admixture, regression, related life-history traits, human origins research, and hypothesized environmental variables. The new evidence reviewed here points to some genetic component in Black–White differences in mean IQ. The implication for public policy is that the discrimination model (i.e., Black–White differences in socially valued outcomes will be equal barring discrimination) must be tempered by a distributional model (i.e., Black–White outcomes reflect underlying group characteristics). Section 1: Background Throughout the history of psychology, no question has been so persistent or so resistant to resolution as that of the relative roles of nature and nurture in causing individual and group differences in cognitive ability (Degler, 1991;
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This estimate of between-group heritability is consistent with Rushton and Jensen's [9] hereditarian model, according to which 50%-80% of the African-/European-American cognitive difference is due to genetic differences.”
From Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“However, the above-average mean IQ of even severely malnourished East Asian infants adopted into White European homes is more consistent with those infants having a genetic than a cultural advantage over their White European peers.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“Rushton and Jensen's (2005) hereditarian hypothesis is that Black-White differences in general intelligence (IQ, or the general mental ability factor, g ) are 'substantially' genetic in origin, which they quantify as 50% genetic and 50% environmental.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“By undermining culture-only explanations of racial inequality, the 'provisional truth' of Rushton and Jensen's (2005) hereditarian hypothesis thereby undermines the moral legitimacy of all rationales for racial equalization that posit White misbehavior as its cause.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“The following major facts from Rushton and Jensen's (2005) Sections 3-6 and 10-12 have been replicated many times, and all with independent sources of data. All are consistent with hereditarian theory but contradict culture-only theory:”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“So far, the three-way race pattern for IQ/ g differences has been replicated with reaction/inspection time and brain size, both of which are highly heritable and correlated with g , as well as with a large collection of purely physical attributes (e.g., twinning).”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“Evidence contradicting the culture-only theory's prediction that group differences in cognitive ability should, in essence, track group differences in identifiable cultural practices and socioeconomic advantage (Section 12).”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“The most g -loaded tests predict school and job performance best, and they predict performance equally well for Blacks and Whites in both the United States and South Africa.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“Natural variation in environments likewise fails to alter the common developmental processes by which abilities are assembled in different races.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“Rushton and Jensen (2005) make no recommendations for specific policies and correctly argue that the hereditarian hypothesis implies none in particular.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“Worldwide Black-White-East Asian differences in IQ (Section 3), reaction time (Section 4), and brain size, with Whites having the intermediate scores (Section 6);”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“As the studies of malnourished East Asian adoptees illustrate, extreme deprivation of the sort that humans have always had to contend with (e.g., starvation, infectious disease) seldom permanently impairs cognitive ability to any substantial degree once conditions are rectified.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“The most direct individual tests of genetic versus environmental effects on mental ability-transracial adoption (Section 7), racial admixture (Section 8), and behavior genetic modeling of mean group differences (Section 5)-have either been uncommon or fraught with ambiguity.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“Small (.2) and moderate (.4) correlations of IQ, respectively, with skull size and in vivo brain volume (Section 6);”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“In summary, Rushton and Jensen (2005) have presented a compelling case that their 50%-50% hereditarian hypothesis is more plausible than the cultureonly hypothesis.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“Worldwide Black-White-East Asian mean differences in a large suite of biological variables (e.g., twinning, gestation time, sex ratio at birth) and social variables (e.g., law abidingness, marital stability), with the three races always in the same rank order (Section 10);”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“As Rushton and Jensen (2005) suggest, g theory can predict fairly accurately how large the racial disparities in achievement will be in different settings, depending on their demands for g and the IQ distributions of the groups involved.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“This commonality in cognitive architecture is indicated, for instance, by cross-race identity of g factors and input-output achievement covariance matrices (Section 5). This commonality also contradicts predictions that different cultures create different intelligences.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“A genetic divergence (quantitative, not qualitative) of world population (i.e., racial) groups during evolution (Section 11); and”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“The g factor is highly heritable within races and also has replicated metabolic, electrical, and structural correlates in the brain, most of them also known to be heritable (these studies are mostly with Whites).”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“The rising heritability of IQ with age (within races) and the virtual disappearance by adolescence of any shared environmental effects on IQ (e.g., parental income, education, child-rearing practices; Section 5);”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“A moderately high correlation (usually .6-.7) of different IQ subtests' g loadings, not only with the magnitude of Black-White-East Asian mean differences on those subtests (Section 6) but also with measures of those subtests' rootedness in biological and genetic processes (e.g., heritability; Section 4);”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Rushton & Jensen, 2005
In the citing paper
“Our findings are also inconsistent with the hypothesis discussed in some prior work (e.g., Rushton and Jensen 2005) that racial disparities may be due to differences in cognitive ability, as there is no biological reason that racial differences in cognitive ability would vary by gender.”
From Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: an Intergenerational Perspective* (2020) · cites this paper as Rushton and Jensen 2005
In the citing paper
“First, the prior literature suggests no ex ante biological reason that racial differences in cognitive ability would vary by gender (Rushton and Jensen 2005).”
From Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: an Intergenerational Perspective* (2020) · cites this paper as Rushton and Jensen 2005
Citations
Cites
A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
Steele, C. M. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.6.613 · Cited by 6,770
EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY
Coleman, J. S. (1968) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/0020486680060504 · Cited by 6,567
Equality of Educational Opportunity.
Havighurst, R., Coleman, J., Campbell, E. Q., Hobson, C. J., McPartland, J. C., Mood, A., Weinfeld, F. D., & York, R. (1967) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2283696 · Cited by 4,655
Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
Lakatos, I. (1970) · Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139171434.009 · Cited by 4,649
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Cooper, T. (1976) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/141.8.521 · Cited by 4,617
XV.—The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance.
Fisher, R. A. (1919) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh · doi:10.1017/s0080456800012163 · Cited by 4,387
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.124.2.262 · Cited by 4,180
Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
Lakatos, I. (1976) · Can Theories be Refuted? · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1863-0_14 · Cited by 3,915
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-2458 · Cited by 3,746
The History and Geography of Human Genes
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Menozzi, P., & Piazza, A. (2018) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv301gjp · Cited by 3,175
Research works printed but not linked: 24
- Bressler, 1968, Sociobiology, biology and ideology., 178
- Chakraborty, 1992, Caucasian genes in American Blacks., American Journal of Human Genetics, 50, 145
- Crow, 2002, Unequal by nature: A geneticist's perspective on human differences., Daedalus, 131, 81
- Darwin, 1859, The origin of species.
- Darwin, 1871, The descent of man.
- Eyferth, 1961, Leistungen verscheidener Gruppen von Besatzungskindern in Ham-burg-Wechsler Intelligenztest fur Kinder (HAWIK), Archiv fur die Gesamte Psychologie, 113, 222
- Eyferth, 1960, Farbige kinder in Deutschland
- Eysenck, 1971, The IQ argument.
- Gallon, 1869, Hereditary genius.
- Gollfredson, 2000, Pretending lhal intelligence doesn'l mailer., Cerebrum, 2, 75
- Ho, 1980, Analysis of brain weight: I and II., Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 104, 635
- 10.1037/0012-1649.13.3.184 · DOI
- Masters, 1997, Brain biochemistry and social status: The neurotoxity hypothesis., 141
- Miele, 1995, For whom the bell curve tolls: An interview with [the author of The Bell Curve] Charles Murray, on IQ, race, class, Gould, Gardner, and the Clintons., Skeptic, 3, 34
- Nisbett, 1998, Race, genetics, and IQ., 86
- Ogbu, 2002, Cultural amplifiers of intelligence: IQ and minority status in cross-cultural perspective., 241
- Plomin, 2001, Behavioral genetics
- Post, 1982, Populational differences in visual acuity: A review, with speculative notes on selection relaxation., Social Biology, 29, 319
- Raven, 1990, Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales-Research supplement: No. 3. American and international norms
- Simmons, 1942, Cranial capacities by both plastic and water techniques with cranial linear measurements of the Reserve Collection: White and Negro., Human Biology, 14, 473
- Skuy, 1987, Effectiveness of the Learning Potential Assessment Device with Indian and Colored adolescents in South Africa., International Journal of Special Education, 12, 131
- Stringer, 1996, African exodus.
- Watson, 1924, Behaviorism.
- Zindi, 1994, Differences in performance., The Psychologist, 7, 549
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments
Nisbett, R. E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0026699 · Cited by 1,031
Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: an Intergenerational Perspective*
Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Jones, M. R., & Porter, S. R. (2020) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjz042 · Cited by 842
Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective
Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Jones, M. R., & Porter, S. R. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w24441 · Cited by 510
Au, W. W. (2015) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/0895904815614916 · Cited by 503
Deary, I. J. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100353 · Cited by 467
Fractionating Human Intelligence
Hampshire, A., Highfield, R. R., Parkin, B. L., & Owen, A. M. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.022 · Cited by 399
Rindermann, H. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.634 · Cited by 380
One Century of Global IQ Gains: A Formal Meta-Analysis of the Flynn Effect (1909–2013)
Pietschnig, J., & Voracek, M. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615577701 · Cited by 316
Jayaratne, T. E., Ybarra, O., Sheldon, J. P., Brown, T. N., Feldbaum, M. B., Pfeffer, C. A., & Petty, E. M. (2006) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430206059863 · Cited by 316
Sternberg, R. J. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.01.002 · Cited by 308
Whole Brain Size and General Mental Ability: A Review
Rushton, J. P., & Ankney, C. D. (2009) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207450802325843 · Cited by 242
Self-citationDo congenital prosopagnosia and the other-race effect affect the same face recognition mechanisms?
Esins, J., Schultz, J., Wallraven, C., & lthoff, I. B. ⁄. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00759 · Cited by 212
Implicit Bias and Accountability Systems: What Must Organizations Do to Prevent Discrimination?
Tetlock, P. E., & Mitchell, G. (2009) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2009.10.002 · Cited by 164
Visual spatial skill: A consequence of learning to read?
McBride-Chang, C. A., Zhou, Y., Cho, J., Aram, D., Levin, I., & Tolchinsky, L. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.12.003 · Cited by 162
Relevance of education and intelligence at the national level for the economic welfare of people
Rindermann, H. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.02.002 · Cited by 162
Gender differences in processing speed: A review of recent research
Roivainen, E. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2010.11.021 · Cited by 161
Rattan, A., Savani, K., Naidu, N. V. R., & Dweck, C. S. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029263 · Cited by 158
From Speculation to Epistemological Violence in Psychology
Teo, T. (2008) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354307086922 · Cited by 150
Hiding behind High-Stakes Testing: Meritocracy, Objectivity and Inequality in U.S. Education.
Au, W. W. (2013) · The International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives · Cited by 122
Race: a social destruction of a biological concept
Sesardić, N. (2010) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-009-9193-7 · Cited by 122
Black Americans Reduce the Racial IQ Gap: Evidence From Standardization Samples
Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01802.x · Cited by 119
A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.05.002 · Cited by 119
Racial Inequality in the 21st Century: The Declining Significance of Discrimination
Fryer, R. G. (2010) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16256 · Cited by 119
Is the Flynn effect on g?: A meta-analysis
Nijenhuis, J. T., & der Flier, H. V. (2013) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.03.001 · Cited by 114
Revival of test bias research in preemployment testing.
Aguinis, H., Culpepper, S. A., & Pierce, C. A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018714 · Cited by 112
Softly, softly: genetics, intelligence and the hidden racism of the new geneism
Gillborn, D. A. (2016) · Journal of Education Policy · doi:10.1080/02680939.2016.1139189 · Cited by 112
Who Are the Bright Children? The Cultural Context of Being and Acting Intelligent
Sternberg, R. J. (2007) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x07299881 · Cited by 110
Jackson, D. N., & Rushton, J. P. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.03.005 · Cited by 107
Self-citationTesting for Racial Differences in the Mental Ability of Young Children
Fryer, R. G., & Levitt, S. D. (2013) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.103.2.981 · Cited by 106
Identifying Young Gifted Children Using the Gifted Rating Scales—Preschool/ Kindergarten Form
Pfeiffer, S. I., & Petscher, Y. (2008) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0016986207311055 · Cited by 106
The Problem of Bias in Psychological Assessment
Reynolds, C. R., Altmann, R. A., & Allen, D. N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59455-8_15 · Cited by 103
Assessment of gifted students for identification purposes: New techniques for a new millennium
Sternberg, R. J. (2009) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.08.003 · Cited by 103
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., Carlson, J. S., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.12.001 · Cited by 102
Panofsky, A. L., Dasgupta, K., & Iturriaga, N. (2020) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24150 · Cited by 99
Held, B. S. (2019) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354319883943 · Cited by 95
Cultural concepts of giftedness
Sternberg, R. J. (2007) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783190709554404 · Cited by 94
Empirical Race Psychology and the Hermeneutics of Epistemological Violence
Teo, T. (2011) · Human Studies · doi:10.1007/s10746-011-9179-8 · Cited by 94
A Critical Analysis of Standardized Testing in Speech and Language Therapy
Nair, V. K., Farah, W., & Cushing, I. R. (2023) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2023_lshss-22-00141 · Cited by 93
Paleoclimatic Variation and Brain Expansion during Human Evolution
ASH, J. W., & Gallup, G. G. (2007) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-007-9015-z · Cited by 92
Race and Microaggression in Nursing Knowledge Development
Hall, J. M., & Fields, B. (2012) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/ans.0b013e3182433b70 · Cited by 90
Social Equity Theory and Racial-Ethnic Achievement Gaps
McKown, C. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12033 · Cited by 88
The effects of acculturation on neuropsychological test performance: A systematic literature review
Tan, Y. W., Burgess, G. H., & Green, R. J. (2020) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2020.1714740 · Cited by 85
Testing the Model Minority Stereotype: Youth Behaviors across Racial and Ethnic Groups
Choi, Y., & LAHEY, B. B. (2006) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/505288 · Cited by 80
Trends in GRE scores and graduate enrollments by gender and ethnicity
Bleske-Rechek, A. L., & Browne, K. R. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.005 · Cited by 80
WICS: A Model for College and University Admissions
Sternberg, R. J., Bonney, C. R., Gabora, L. M., & Merrifield, M. (2012) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.638882 · Cited by 79
Measurement invariance versus selection invariance: Is fair selection possible?
Borsboom, D., Romeijn, J., & Wicherts, J. M. (2008) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.13.2.75 · Cited by 76
IQ Variations across Time, Race, and Nationality: An Artifact of Differences in Literacy Skills
Marks, D. F. (2010) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.106.3.643-664 · Cited by 72
Satoshi Kanazawa, A. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.04.003 · Cited by 71
National differences in intelligence, crime, income, and skin color
Rushton, J. P., & Templer, D. I. (2009) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.04.003 · Cited by 71
Self-citationAttending to the Role of Race/Ethnicity in Family Violence Research
Malley‐Morrison, K., & Hines, D. A. (2007) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260507303060 · Cited by 69
What Makes Nations Intelligent?
Hunt, E. B. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612442905 · Cited by 68
Gonthier, C. (2022) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-021-00350-w · Cited by 66
Exploring the various interpretations of “test bias”.
Warne, R. T., Yoon, M., & Price, C. J. (2014) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036503 · Cited by 65
Insights from successful and unsuccessful implementations of school reform programs
Guhn, M. (2008) · Journal of Educational Change · doi:10.1007/s10833-008-9063-0 · Cited by 65
Tylavsky, F. A., Koçak, M., Murphy, L. E., Graff, J. C., Palmer, F. B. S. C., Völgyi, E., Diaz-Thomas, A., & Ferry, R. J. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7125499 · Cited by 65
Considerations Relating to the Study of Group Differences in Intelligence
Hunt, E., & Carlson, J. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00037.x · Cited by 64
Testing for Racial Differences in the Mental Ability of Young Children
Fryer, R., & Levitt, S. (2006) · doi:10.3386/w12066 · Cited by 64
Is the Demise of IQ Interpretation Justified? A Response to Special Issue Authors
Hale, J. B., Fiorello, C. A., Kavanagh, J. A., Holdnack, J. A., & Aloe, A. M. (2007) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09084280701280445 · Cited by 62
Is There an Asian Advantage for Pitch Memory?
Schellenberg, E. G., & Trehub, S. E. (2008) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1525/mp.2008.25.3.241 · Cited by 61
What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true?
Gottfredson, L. S. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.311 · Cited by 60
Racial inequality in the 21st century: the declining significance of discrimination
Fryer, R. G. (2011) · Handbook of labour economics · doi:10.1016/s0169-7218(11)02408-7 · Cited by 60
The rise and fall of the Flynn Effect as a reason to expect a narrowing of the Black–White IQ gap☆
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.12.002 · Cited by 60
Self-citationCorrelational and factor analytic support for Rushton’s differential K life history theory
Templer, D. I. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.010 · Cited by 59
Warne, R. T., Astle, M. C., & Hill, J. C. (2018) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000038 · Cited by 58
Why mainstream research will not end scientific racism in psychology
Winston, A. S. (2020) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354320925176 · Cited by 57
Sex differences across different racial ability levels: Theories of origin and societal consequences
Nyborg, H. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.005 · Cited by 55
General mental ability in South Asians: Data from three Roma (Gypsy) communities in Serbia
Rushton, J. P., Čvorović, J., & Bons, T. A. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.002 · Cited by 55
Self-citationBanfi, J. T., & Randall, J. G. (2022) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104307 · Cited by 54
The big g‐factor of national cognitive ability
Rindermann, H. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.658 · Cited by 54
Bias in Psychological Assessment
Reynolds, C. R., & Suzuki, L. A. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop210004 · Cited by 53
Science Is Not Always “Self-Correcting”
Cofnas, N. (2015) · Foundations of Science · doi:10.1007/s10699-015-9421-3 · Cited by 52
Fernandes, H. B. F., Woodley, M. A., & te Nijenhuis, J. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.07.007 · Cited by 50
Jukes, M., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2009) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709909x475055 · Cited by 50
Race, Nativity, Ethnicity, and Cultural Influences in the Sociology of Mental Health
Brown, T. N., Donato, K. M., Laske, M. T., & Duncan, E. M. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_13 · Cited by 50
The cultural malleability of intelligence and its impact on the racial/ethnic hierarchy.
Suzuki, L., & Aronson, J. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.320 · Cited by 48
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2010) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101003010009 · Cited by 48
Self-citationAbility rise in NAEP and narrowing ethnic gaps?
Rindermann, H., & Thompson, J. (2013) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.06.016 · Cited by 48
African cognitive ability: Research, results, divergences and recommendations
Rindermann, H. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.022 · Cited by 48
Heredity, environment, and race differences in IQ: A commentary on Rushton and Jensen (2005).
Nisbett, R. E. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.302 · Cited by 47
Racial equality in intelligence: Predictions from a theory of intelligence as processing
Fagan, J. F., & Holland, C. R. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.08.009 · Cited by 47
Wanted: More race realism, less moralistic fallacy.
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.328 · Cited by 45
Self-citationTiffin, P. A., McLachlan, J. C., Webster, L. A. D., & Nicholson, S. (2014) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-14-7 · Cited by 45
The Association of Gender, Ethnicity, Age, and Education With Rorschach Scores
Meyer, G. J., Giromini, L., Viglione, D. J., Reese, J. B., & Mihura, J. L. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114544358 · Cited by 45
The Nature/Culture of Genetic Facts
Marks, J. (2013) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092412-155558 · Cited by 45
The average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans: Comments on Wicherts, Dolan, and van der Maas
Lynn, R., & Meisenberg, G. (2009) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.09.009 · Cited by 43
The Totality of Available Evidence Shows the Race IQ Gap Still Remains
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01803.x · Cited by 42
Self-citationA Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Academic Motivation Scale With Black College Students
Cokley, K. (2014) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175614563316 · Cited by 42
“As Nature Has Formed Them”: The History and Current Status of Racial Difference Research
Skiba, R. J. (2012) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811211400501 · Cited by 42
Pálsson (2008) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.2307/20142691 · Cited by 41
Testing Spearman's hypotheses using a bi-factor model with WAIS-IV/WMS-IV standardization data
Frisby, C. L., & Beaujean, A. A. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.007 · Cited by 39
There are no public-policy implications: A reply to Rushton and Jensen (2005).
Sternberg, R. J. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.295 · Cited by 38
Reeve, C. L. L., & Charles, J. E. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.03.007 · Cited by 38
Ethical, Legal, Social, and Policy Implications of Behavioral Genetics
Berryessa, C. M., & Cho, M. K. (2013) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163743 · Cited by 38
Murray, C. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.02.001 · Cited by 37
Jernigan, M. M. (2009) · Cited by 37
The Interactive Impact of Race and Gender on High School Advanced Course Enrollment
Corra, M. K., Carter, J. S., & Carter, S. K. (2011) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 37
The Rainbow and Kaleidoscope Projects
Sternberg, R. J. (2009) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040.14.4.279 · Cited by 37
Why complex cognitive ability increases with absolute latitude
León, F. R., & Burga-León, A. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.07.011 · Cited by 35
Comprehensive School Reform: Meta-Analytic Evidence of Black-White Achievement Gap Narrowing
Gorey, K. M. (2009) · Education Policy Analysis Archives · doi:10.14507/epaa.v17n25.2009 · Cited by 34
Melough, M. M., Murphy, L. E., Graff, J. C., Derefinko, K. J., LeWinn, K. Z., Bush, N. R., Enquobahrie, D. A., Loftus, C. T., Koçak, M., Sathyanarayana, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa309 · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 235-294
- ISSN
- 1076-8971 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1528
- OpenAlex
- W2110295154
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 255
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 33.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2006-07-10)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology Public Policy and Law (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- heritability of intelligence, transracial adoption, racial mixing, brain size and intelligence, general intelligence, human origins, nature versus nurture, discrimination model, distributional models, public policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
